1. Structures
1.1. Word order
1.1.1. S + V-finite + O C + Adv
1.2. 4 Structure
1.2.1. Statements
1.2.1.1. Affirmative
1.2.1.1.1. It’s very cold here in winter.
1.2.1.2. Negative
1.2.1.2.1. I don’t think she looks very well.
1.2.2. Questions
1.2.2.1. Yes/No Questions
1.2.2.1.1. Can she come?
1.2.2.2. Wh-Questions
1.2.2.2.1. What’s your name?
1.3. Commands
1.3.1. (S)+V (like bare-infinitive)+O
1.3.1.1. Be seated, please.
1.4. Exclamations
1.4.1. How clever she is!
1.4.2. What a meal!
2. Types
2.1. Simple
2.1.1. only one clause
2.1.1.1. Mary and I went to the concert together.
2.1.2. one predicate
2.2. Compound
2.2.1. two or more than two independent clauses
2.2.2. joined by
2.2.2.1. ;
2.2.2.2. :
2.2.2.3. BOYFANS
2.2.2.4. Correlative conjunctions
2.2.2.5. A connecting adverb
2.3. Complex
2.3.1. one or more dependent clauses
2.3.2. in addition to its independent clause
2.3.3. Types of dependent clauses
2.3.3.1. noun clauses
2.3.3.1.1. The fact that ....
2.3.3.2. adjective/ relative clauses
2.3.3.2.1. ...,who is always cheerful
2.3.3.3. adverb clauses
2.3.3.3.1. When it rained,...
3. Definition & Constituents
3.1. Definition
3.1.1. Clause
3.1.1.1. a grammatical unit
3.1.1.2. contains a subject
3.1.1.3. contains a finite verb
3.1.2. Phrase
3.1.2.1. a grammatical unit
3.1.2.2. does NOT contain a subject & a finite verb
3.1.2.3. includes Noun/ Prepositional /Verb/ Adjective/Adverbial phrases
3.1.3. Sentence
3.1.3.1. a grammatically complete unit
3.1.3.2. semantically independent
3.1.3.3. contains an independent clause + finite verb
3.2. Constituents
3.2.1. Subject
3.2.1.1. precedes the main verb
3.2.1.2. determines concord
3.2.1.3. refers to something about which a statement is made in the rest of the sentence
3.2.2. Predicate
3.2.2.1. states/asserts something about the subject
3.2.2.2. consists of
3.2.2.2.1. object
3.2.2.2.2. complement
3.2.2.2.3. adverbial
3.2.2.2.4. finite verb
3.2.2.2.5. Verb
4. Patterns
4.1. Pattern 1
4.1.1. S + Vi
4.1.1.1. The phone rang.
4.1.2. S + Vi + particle (A)
4.1.2.1. He came in.
4.1.3. S + Vi + adverbial phrase (A)
4.1.3.1. The phone rang loudly.
4.2. Pattern 2
4.2.1. S + Vl+ SC
4.2.1.1. Frank is a teacher.
4.2.1.2. Frank is clever.
4.3. Pattern 3 (focus on D.O)
4.3.1. S + Vt + DO
4.3.1.1. My sister answered the phone.
4.3.2. S + Vt + DO(*) + to/for + IO
4.3.2.1. They introduced me to the professor.
4.4. Pattern 4 (focus on I.O)
4.4.1. S + Vt + IO+ DO
4.4.1.1. They gave him a watch.
4.4.2. S + Vt + DO+ to/for + IO(*)
4.4.2.1. They gave a watch to him.
4.4.2.2. They brought some water for me.
4.4.3. S + Vt + IO
4.4.3.1. I’ll tell you soon.
4.5. Pattern 5
4.5.1. S + Vt + DO + OC
4.5.1.1. They appointed him chairman.
4.5.1.2. He drove me crazy.