1. Laparotomy
1.1. include
1.1.1. help diagnose or treat
1.1.1.1. Perforation peritonitis
1.1.1.2. Acute Intestinal obstruction
1.1.1.3. abdominal trauma
1.1.1.4. burst appendix
1.1.2. types of incisions
1.1.2.1. midline
1.1.2.1.1. to assess each organ in turn
1.1.2.1.2. to quickly enter into the peritoneum
1.1.2.2. Paramedian incision
1.1.2.2.1. to access the kidneys and adrenal glands.
1.1.2.3. subcostal incision
1.1.2.3.1. to access the gallbladder or liver on the right side
1.1.2.3.2. spleen on the left side
1.1.2.4. Pfannenstiel
1.1.2.4.1. for emergency cesarean delivery.
1.1.3. laparoscopy
1.1.3.1. alternative to laparotomy
1.1.3.2. use of
1.1.3.2.1. fibre-optic camera heads
1.1.3.2.2. laparoscope
1.1.3.3. less invasive
1.1.4. complications
1.1.4.1. Post-operative fever , nausea and vomiting
1.1.4.2. worse with co-morbidities
1.1.4.3. Gastrointestinal complications
1.1.4.3.1. paralytic ileus
1.1.4.3.2. Intestinal obstruction
1.1.4.3.3. Anastomotic leak
1.1.4.3.4. Anastomotic leak