1. Glotal
1.1. The glottis is actually two vocal folds (i.e. vocal cords). It acts as a sort of bottle cap to your windpipe. Inhale and then hold your breath for a few seconds while keeping your mouth open
1.1.1. the following things happen at the glottis: /h/ /?/
2. Places
2.1. Bilabial
2.1.1. occur when you block airflow out of the mouth by bringing your lips together
2.1.1.1. bilabial consonant: /p/ /b/ /m/
2.2. Labio-dental
2.2.1. occur when you block airflow by curling your lower lip back and raising it to touch your upper row of teeth
2.2.1.1. Labio- dental consonant: /f/ /v/
2.3. Dental
2.3.1. occur when you block or constrict airflow by placing your slimy tongue against your upper teeth
2.3.1.1. labio-dental sounds: /θ/ /ð/
2.4. The alveolar
2.4.1. is where your teeth meet your gums. you create Alveolar consonants when you raise your tongue to the alveolar ridge to block airflow
2.4.1.1. alveolar consonants: /n/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/
2.5. Post-Alveolar
2.5.1. occur when the tongue blocks or constricts airflow at the point just beyond the alveolar ridge
2.5.1.1. The post-alveolar consonants: /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
2.6. Palatal
2.6.1. The roof of your mouth is the hard palate. You create Palatal consonants when you raise the tongue to this point and constrict airflow
2.6.1.1. palatal consonant: /j/
2.7. Velar
2.7.1. Behind your hard palate you have the velum or soft palate. You make Velar Consonants when you raise the back of your tongue to the velum to restrict airflow
2.7.1.1. velar consonants: /ŋ/ /k/ /g/ /w/
3. Types
3.1. Nasal
3.1.1. are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth and let the air pass through your nose.
3.1.1.1. nasal consonants: • /m/ (bilabial). • /n/ (alveolar). • /ŋ/ (velar).
3.2. Stop
3.2.1. occur when the vocal tract is closed completely. But for stops the airflow is NOT redirected through the nose
3.2.1.1. stop consonants: /p/ (bilabial). /b/ (bilabial). /t/ (alveolar) /d/ (alveolar) /k/ (velar). /g/ (velar).
3.3. Fricative
3.3.1. fricative sounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a narrow channel
3.3.1.1. /f/ (labiodental) /v/ (labiodental) /θ/ (dental) /ð/ (dental) /s/ (alveolar) /z/ (alveolar) /ʃ/ (post-alveolar) /ʒ/ (post-alveolar)
3.4. Affricate
3.4.1. start as stop sounds with air building up behind an articulator which then releases through a narrow channel as a fricative
3.4.1.1. affricate sounds: /tʃ/ (post-alveolar) /dʒ/ (post-alveolar)
3.5. Approximants
3.6. are when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence. The resulting sound is more like a fast vowel than anything else
3.6.1. There are three English approximants: /w/ – (velar) /j/ (palatal) /ɹ/ (alveolar/post-alveolar)
3.6.2. are when the tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides
3.6.2.1. lateral consonant: /l/ (alveolar)