1. ADHD
1.1. Attention deficit disorder
1.1.1. ADD is an older term for ADHD. ADD is a students or child struggles to pay attention and gets distracted very easily.
1.2. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
1.2.1. A disorder that effects social, emotional, or academic functioning. Having ADHD can affect a student’s ability to pay attention or do their work in the classroom or in their everyday life.
1.3. What are the academic characteristics of a student with ADHD?
1.3.1. Struggle with the academic structure and demands of schools
1.3.2. Achieve below potential
1.3.3. Greater the negative impact on schools’ performance
1.3.4. Students feel like they are not capable
1.3.5. If they are successful, they develop a positive academic and they are more likely to keep trying.
1.4. What are the social and emotion characteristics of a student with ADHD?
1.4.1. Struggle with coping with social demands of school in most settings
1.4.2. Victims of bullying and bullies themselves
1.4.3. Behavior problems
1.4.4. Failure to closely attend to details or making careless mistakes in schoolwork
1.4.5. Inappropriately out of seat
1.4.6. Failure to complete schoolwork
1.4.7. Excessive talking
1.4.8. Failure to listen when spoken to directly
1.4.9. Running, climbing on furniture, or in older students, a frequent feeling of restlessness
1.4.10. Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
1.4.11. Avoidance of, dislike of, or reluctance to engage in tasks that require sustained effort, such as schoolwork or homework
1.5. Briefly describe three behavior interventions that could be used for students with ADHD.
1.5.1. When children are young and diagnosed with ADHD intervention is crucial. If intervention doesn’t happen, then behaviors will continue
1.5.2. Students with ADHD diagnosed in elementary school are able to be helped and are given accommodations.
1.5.3. When people are diagnosed through transition and Adulthood have many struggles with disorganization, impulsive, and have poor work skills. They struggle because they have to learn to advocate for themselves.
2. Court Cases
2.1. Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
2.1.1. A deaf student was denied an interpreter by her school. In the end the “Rowley Standard developed to ensure that schools have provided FAPE.”
2.2. Irving Independent School District v. Tatro
2.2.1. In this case, a student had spina bifida and had very specific medical needs that needed to take place during the school day, the school developed an IEP but the school made no provisions to help with the medical needs of this student. The Courts decision was that the school had to have someone that would help take care of handicapped students medical needs.
2.3. Honig v. Doe
2.3.1. In this case a school expelled a disabled child because of actions that arose from his disability. The Court ruled that a school district can’t expel or exclude a disabled student because of actions that happen because of there disability.
2.4. Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.
2.4.1. In this case the school district didn’t want to pay for services that students needed in order to go to school. But in the end, it was ruled that public schools have to fund care for disabled students.
2.5. Schaffer v. Weast
2.5.1. In this case a student had a disability and this child’s parents were not satisfied with his IEP, so they sent their child to private school. So, they wanted to get compensation for the amount they had to pay on private school. The court ruled it as
2.6. Winkelman v. Parma City School District
2.6.1. In this case a student was planned to be placed in a public elementary school after it being determined that he had a hearing problem confirmed. The parents wanted reimbursement for the cost of private school. The Court decided that they would be reimbursed because the student didn’t receive a free appropriate education.
2.7. Forest Grove School District v. T. A.
2.7.1. In this case a former student of Forest Grove School District student requested to be evaluated for a suspected learning disability. After it being determined that he had a need for special education services the public school was ordered to reimburse T.A. for the private education.
2.8. Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
2.8.1. This case the state law questioned to not allow students with a minimum mental age to be allowed to go to school. The conclusion was that all students have a right to an education and the school needs to provide programs what will help and meet the needs of all the students.
2.9. Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia
2.9.1. In this case children were denied a public education because of behavioral issues, and they also couldn’t afford school. The ruling was that schools have to provide a free education to every child.
2.10. Diana v. California State Board of Education
2.10.1. In this case a Spanish- speaking student was put into a special education class because an IQ test wasn’t used correctly. The ruling was “Spanish-speaking students should be tested in Spanish to ensure fair placement.” This was also a violation of the fourteenth amendment.
2.11. Larry P. v. Riles
2.11.1. In this case IQ tests were being used on a majority of African American Students to put them into EMR classes. In the end it was determined that “IQ tests did not accurately determine EMR class placement, and they were culturally biased against African American Students.”