1. species
1.1. overlapping categories rather than specific units
1.1.1. biological species concept
1.1.1.1. groups of breeding or potentially breeding populations that are reproductively isolated
1.1.2. ecological species concept
1.1.2.1. defines species based on their ecological niche
1.1.3. morphological species concept
1.1.3.1. defines species on shared phenotypic traits
1.2. anagenesis: evolution of a species into another overtime
1.3. cladogenesis: evolution through the branching of a species or lineage
2. evolutionary tendencies (unity of the primates)
2.1. arboreal adaption
2.1.1. a generalized body structure
2.1.1.1. opposable thumb, grip, mobile joints, vertebrae column, etc.
2.2. dietary plasticity
2.2.1. primates eat wide range of food
2.2.1.1. omnivorous with some specializations
2.2.1.2. 3.1.4.3 dental formula
2.3. larger brains
2.3.1. more complexity
2.4. parental investment
2.4.1. greater investment in young
2.4.1.1. longer gestation period, less offspring so more intensive care
3. primates social behavior
3.1. group living
3.1.1. compete for resources but also reap the benefits from living in groups (such as access to mates, long-term bonds.)
3.2. social strategies
3.2.1. competition (to get access to food and mates)
3.2.1.1. female: compete with other females to ensure survival of offspring
3.2.1.2. male: prevent other males from producing lots of offspring; leads to sexual selection
3.2.2. cooperation (promote group cohesion)
3.2.2.1. form of altruism (grooming, playing, giving warning calls, caregiving)