1. Revivalism
1.1. The 2nd Great Awakening
1.1.1. Beliefs
1.1.1.1. Highly Emotional Meetings
1.1.1.2. Rebirth and Salvation through repentence
1.1.1.3. Preached self-improvement
1.1.2. Sins
1.1.2.1. North Evangelicals: "Slavery was the sum of all sins"
1.1.2.2. Dueling
1.1.2.3. Profanity
1.1.2.4. Drinking Hard Liquor
1.1.3. Religious Leaders
1.1.3.1. Charles G. Finney
1.1.3.1.1. Revival Techniques
1.1.4. Evangelicalism
1.1.4.1. White American Middle Class
1.1.4.1.1. Northern revivals led to Social Reform in Middle Class
1.1.4.1.2. Child Rearing (for Christian Life)
1.1.4.1.3. Wives became "companions"
1.1.4.1.4. Cult Of Domestically: Redefined women’s duty to promote piety, ethics, & character in children
1.1.4.1.5. Public Schooling, grew rapidly from 1820-1850 (North only)
1.1.4.2. Benevolent Empire
1.1.4.2.1. Evangelical Reform Movements
1.1.4.3. Asylum Reform
1.1.4.3.1. Dorothea Dix
1.1.4.3.2. Built state-supported prisons, asylums, and poorhouses
2. The 2nd Coming of Christ
2.1. Shakers
2.1.1. believed in sexual equality and second coming of Christ. They all eventually died out (no intercourse)
2.2. Mormons
2.2.1. Joseph Smith (considered a prophet) was believed to have gotten the word of God so he wrote the Mormon bible. He believed in the second coming of Christ where, which he detailed in the book. They also believed in having more than one wife.
2.3. Oneida Community
2.3.1. The only difference is the Oneida believed the Second Coming of Christ already happened.
2.3.2. No need for moral rules (“free love”)
2.3.3. Communalism- everybody raises everybodies kids. Once a lady can’t produce anymore, she becomes a mentor for the young boys.
2.3.4. “Ascending” Fellowship- everybody has a role in the community (they led with mutual criticism)
2.3.5. Complex marriage- any member was free to have intercourse with anyone who consented
2.3.6. Male continence- men had to 'control themselves' during intercourse
2.4. Utopian Communities were mainly in the North.
2.4.1. The religious reformers hoped to convert the masses
2.4.2. They hoped to reform crusaders hoped to remove all moral and social evils
3. Abolitionism
3.1. Moderate anti-slavery Supporters
3.1.1. Supported emigration to Liberia to avoid a race war when slaves were gradually emancipated
3.2. Radical anti-slavery Supporters
3.2.1. Leader: William Lloyd Garrison
3.2.1.1. Called for immediate slave emancipation via his American Anti-Slave Society & The Liberator newsletter
3.2.1.2. Radical Abolitions divided and hurt because of interconflict & many people criticized Garrion's views
3.2.1.2.1. He Elected a women to the exectuive committee of his American Anti-Slave Society
3.2.1.2.2. Called for Northern Secession
3.2.1.2.3. Advocated for boycotts of political eelctions
3.2.1.3. Some Abolitionist broke off to form the Liberty Party in 1840
3.3. Abolitionists
3.3.1. Frederick Douglass & Sojourner Truth
3.3.1.1. Published Papers about Slvaery IRL
3.3.1.1.1. North Start
3.3.1.1.2. Freedom's Journal
3.3.2. Underground Railroad
3.3.2.1. Blacks Formed Vigilante groups to protect the fugitive slaves
3.3.2.2. Blacks ran it
3.3.3. Appealed to Small Town White Folk in the North
3.3.3.1. Not all Northerners supported abolition. Opposition came from:
3.3.3.1.1. Urban areas
3.3.3.1.2. People who lived near the Masion-Dixon Line
3.3.3.1.3. Racism
3.3.3.1.4. Fear of interracial Marriage
3.3.3.1.5. fear of Economic Competition from freed Blacks
3.4. Women's Rights
3.4.1. Important Figures: Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stantion
3.4.1.1. Organized the 1st feminist national meeting (Seneca Falls Convention in 1848)
3.4.1.1.1. Right to vote
3.4.1.1.2. Rejected Cult of Domesticity, favored total gender equality
3.4.1.1.3. Declaration of Sentiments
4. Transcendentalism
4.1. literary and philosophical idea that individuals can transcend reality and connect with universal spiritual forces
4.1.1. George Riphley founded a utopian community at Brook Farm; focused on education
4.1.2. Henry David Thoreau’s Walden Pond advocated a “utopia od 1”