1. Synthesis
1.1. The genetic material is made up of DNA, which is where the universal genetic code is.
1.1.1. The DNA segments contain the necessary information for the cells to synthesize proteins.
1.1.1.1. DNA that transcribes the information to a messenger RNA , it occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
1.1.1.1.1. This is followed by the process named translation.
2. Transcription
2.1. The nucleotide sequence of DNA contains the encoded information that enables protein synthesis.
2.2. When a protein is needed in the cytoplasm, transcription factors in the nucleus are activated and transcription begins.
2.2.1. An enzyme unwinds the DNA chains, other proteins keep them separated and another enzyme initiates transcription where it adds complementary RNA nucleotides
2.2.1.1. At the end, it separates from DNA , leaves the nucleus through the nuclear membrane and joins ribosomes (made up of ribosomal RNA + proteins) that they are found in the cytoplasm or in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
3. Translation
3.1. The mRNA molecule will instruct the ribosome to build the protein.
3.1.1. A Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome.
3.1.1.1. The amino acid that starts the chain is methionine
3.2. In the process of translation, a sequence of three nucleotides called a triplet, codes for a specific amino acid.
3.2.1. These specify the order of amino acids needed to make a protein.
3.2.1.1. Each tRNA molecule binds at one end to an amino acid and at the other end is a triplet that complements the codon of the mRNA, named the anticodon.
3.2.1.1.1. An amino acid is added one at a time carried by a tRNA.