Enlightenment & Revolution Shared
von Connie Birch
1. Baruch Spinoza
1.1. 1632-1677, Jewish-Dutch
1.2. mind body single identity
1.3. no free human will, only belief that it is free. actions guided by natural impulses
1.4. religion
2. Bernard de Mandeville
2.1. 1670-1733, Dutch
2.2. The Fable of the Bees 1705
2.3. political satire of England. Tories accusing John Churchill of advocating the War of Spanish Succession for personal reasons.
2.4. division of labor
2.5. individuals' collective actions brig about public benefit / vicious greed guidance necessary
2.6. ethics conjectural history religion
3. Adam Smith
3.1. 1723-1790, Scottish.
3.2. The Theory of Moral Sentiment 1759
3.3. The Wealth of Nations 1776
3.4. religiosity debated
3.5. mutual sympathy (empathy)
3.6. division of labor
3.7. individual's collective actions cause public benefit / virtuous self-interest, no guidance necessary
3.8. ethics commerce
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4.1. 1712-1778, Genevan
4.2. Emile, or On Education 1762
4.3. Julie, or the New Heloise 1761
4.4. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Second Discourse) 1754
4.5. On the Social Contract 1762
4.6. Frederick the Great of Prussia
4.7. human origins science commerce religion nation
5. Voltaire
5.1. 1694-1778, French
5.2. Candide 1759
5.3. Philosophical Letters on the English - exiled to Britain 1726-28
5.4. Treatise on Tolerance 1763
5.5. Micromegas - science fiction?
5.6. article on Historiography in Diderot's Encyclopedie
5.7. Translate Newton's Principia
5.8. lover with Emilie de Chatelet
5.9. science religion (v rousseau) non-european history
6. Maximilien Robespierre
6.1. anti-slavery
6.2. anti-death penalty
6.3. 1758-1794 (executed), French
6.4. terror
7. David Hume
7.1. 1711-1776, Scottish
7.2. A Treatise of Human Nature 1739
7.3. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 1777
7.4. opposition to rationalists (Descartes) - desire not reason governs human nature. "Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions."
7.5. knowledge only through experience. empiricist
7.6. not surprised Rousseau's books banned but allows him to lodge when in exile in England
7.7. science ethics commerce religion
8. Immanuel Kant
8.1. 1724-1804, German
8.2. reason is source of morality
8.3. human perception structures natural laws
8.4. Critique of Pure Reason 1781
8.5. response to Burke - didn't understand causes of mental effects
8.6. public sphere ethics cultural difference
9. Mary Wollstonecraft
9.1. 1759-1797, British
9.2. A Vindication on the Rights of Men 1790
9.3. A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792
9.4. THoughts on the Education od Daughters 1787
9.5. human nature women
10. Denis Diderot
10.1. 1713-1784, French
10.2. Encyclopedie 1751-1772
10.3. Jean Le Rond d'Alembert ed. until 1759
10.4. response to Burke''s inquiry?
10.5. Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage 1772 (published 1796)
10.6. The Nun, 1760 (published 1796)
10.7. non-european enlightened despotism
11. Francois de Graffigny
11.1. 1695-1758, French
11.2. stayed in Cirey with Voltaire and Emilie de Chatelet in 1738-9
11.3. Parisian salon . received d'Alembert Diderot Montesquieu ROusseau Voltaire
11.4. Letters from a Peruvian WOman 1747
11.5. human nature women non-european
12. Rene Descartes
12.1. 1596-1650, Dutch
12.2. rationalism
12.3. Meditations on First Philosophy
12.4. Passions of the Soul
12.5. Scientific Revolution
12.6. "cogito ergo sum"
12.7. mind/ body dualism
13. Olympe de Gogues
13.1. 1748-1793, French
13.2. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Femal Citizen 1791
13.3. anti-slavery. rights of illegitimate children. sexual relations external to marriage.
13.4. Contrat Social 1791
13.5. human nature women
14. Adam Ferguson
14.1. 1723-1816, Scottish
14.2. sociology
14.3. Ethical System: morality to achieve perfection / self-interest+ self-preservation
14.4. Political System: well regulated liberty, free government
14.5. Social System: universal benevolence, mutual sympathy (empathy)
14.6. Essay on the History of Civil Society 1767
14.7. History 2 tiered: natural history made by Gods, social history made by humans in accordance with God
14.8. Whig - progress
15. Thomas Hobbes
15.1. 1588-1679, British
15.2. Leviathan 1651
15.3. self interest?
15.4. natural law tradition & enlightened despotism
15.5. noble savage
15.6. human origins conjectural history
16. John Locke
16.1. English 1632-1704
16.2. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690
16.3. identity and self
16.4. knowledge only by experience & sense perception
16.5. property is natural right derived from labour
16.6. human nature characterised by reason and tolerance
16.7. conjectural history
17. George Wilhelm Leibniz
17.1. 1646-1716, German
17.2. optimism: the universe is best possible of all worlds
17.3. rationalism religion
17.4. New Essays on Human Morality
18. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat
18.1. 1689-1755, French
18.2. separation of powers
18.3. each historical event guided by movement, downplays chance
18.4. pre-cursor of anthropology
18.5. two types of gov power: sovereign/ administrative (exec, legal, judicial)
18.6. enlightened despotism?
18.7. anti-slavery
18.8. The Spirit of the Laws
18.9. Persian Letters
18.10. non-european old regime women
19. Alexis de Toqueville
19.1. 1805-1859 French
19.2. Democracy in America
19.3. The Old Regime and the Revolution
19.4. religion compatible with equality and individualism, but should be separate from politics
20. Edmund Burke
20.1. Irish 1729-1797
20.2. support for American revolution, opposition to French.
20.3. Reflections on the Revolution in France
20.4. A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757
20.5. revolution
21. Hegel
21.1. 1770-1831. German
21.2. freedom/ self-determination is real
22. Marquis de Condorcet
22.1. 1743-1794, French
22.2. science?
22.3. human nature women
23. Michael de Montaigne
23.1. 1533-1592, French
23.2. on cannibals
23.3. non european
