1. 2. Those involved in the restoration
1.1. Role of the Army in the restoration
1.1.1. The army recalled the rump parliament on the 7th may 1659, which introduced an act to abolish the protectorate
1.1.1.1. John Lambert then presneted the Humble Petition and Address of the officers, which was a new constitution that suggested a republic and the creation of the senate that the army controlled
1.1.1.1.1. This factionalised the army and parliament into the civilian and military faction
1.1.1.2. The rump then expelled the 10 army grandees on the 12th october 1659, replacing them with the likes on Fleetwood and Haselrig of the civilian faction, while lambert was fighting booths uprising
1.1.1.2.1. On the 13th October lambert dissolves the rump using the army and on the 27th october appoints the comittee of safety, full of army grandees
1.1.2. General Booths Pro royalist uprising broke out in Cheshire in August 4000 involved
1.1.2.1. While he was able to crush the uprising, Lambert did struggle to raise an army of any size above 4500 men
1.1.2.2. However another uprising under General Monck broke out in Scotland
1.1.2.2.1. They threatened to march to London in support of the Rump
1.1.3. Army lost control of civilians
1.1.3.1. London was on the verge of anarchy
1.1.3.1.1. Violent riots, wealthy fleeing and tax avoidance
1.1.3.2. October to december 1659 army lost authority, as people stopped paying taxes and riots broke out in london
1.1.3.2.1. Their authroity weakened over parliament and the population
1.2. Role of General Monck in the restoration
1.2.1. General Monck
1.2.1.1. Initially a royalist who spent 2 years in the Tower of London
1.2.1.1.1. However then served 2 years in the NMA under Cromwell in Ireland
1.2.2. In 1659 Monck brought the Scottish branch of the New Model army (of which he was in charge of) to England to confront English NMA
1.2.3. By January 1660 Monck had four advantages
1.2.3.1. NMA had lost authority and was losing soldiers due to rioting
1.2.3.1.1. Monck was a military man fighting for a stable government, not for the military
1.2.3.2. Thomas fairfax returned from retirement and fought with monck
1.2.3.2.1. Lamberts soldiers were poorly paid and fought poorly, which resulted in lambert being imprisoned in january
1.2.4. On the 3rd February he reached London and restored the long parliament
1.2.4.1. Including those excluded from the Rump
1.2.5. Monck then sent an agent to Charles II to deliver two pieced of advice
1.2.5.1. Advice
1.2.5.1.1. Leave the spanish netherlands to distance himself from catholicism in preparation for restoration
1.3. The role of Charles and the convention parliament in the Restoration (Declaration of Breda)
1.3.1. 4th April 1660 Charles issues declaration of breda settling his terms for restoration
1.3.1.1. Reassurances for those who fought against charles I that they would not be punished
1.3.1.1.1. Those directly involved in regicide would be punished
1.3.1.2. Promised to be a parliamentary monarch and restore traditional balance between crown and parliament
1.3.1.2.1. Promises to pay the army in arrears
1.3.1.3. Promises of religious freedoms and his confidence in protestant faith
1.3.1.3.1. Basically confirming he was a protestant (even though he may not have been)
1.3.1.4. None of this happens and he clamps down on religion with the clarendon code of 1661
1.3.1.4.1. Leading to venners uprising
1.3.2. Charles had planned a series of uprisings by august 1659, but booths was the only one to take place suggesting the population were weary about his return
1.3.3. After Monck restored the long parliament it agreed to dissolve itself in favour of elections on 16th march 1660
1.3.3.1. This new parliament was known as the convention parliament, formed in april 1660
1.3.3.1.1. Over 100 former cavaliers were elected as MPs (pro royalists) swaying in favour of restoration
1.3.4. In May 1660 the convention parliament agreed to the declaration
1.3.4.1. On the 8th May 1660 charles was coronated as Charles II
1.3.4.1.1. Became king on the terms of pre-civil war 1641 reforms
1.4. Failure of commonwealth
1.4.1. See the weakneses of Richard cromwell as protector (1)
2. 1. Richard Cromwell
2.1. Strengths of Richards Position
2.1.1. Initial succession was smooth, no power struggle developed
2.1.2. Royalists viewed the succession as a disaster for Charles' plan to reclaim the throne
2.1.3. Richard cromwell was a civilian, not and army man
2.1.3.1. Many thought it was a opportunity to civilianise government
2.1.3.1.1. This was popular in the political nation as it would reduce the NMA and taxes as a result
2.2. Weaknesses of Richards position
2.2.1. He did not have authority over the army which oliver had
2.2.1.1. Lacked his fathers biggest strength as the army was essential in detemining survival of regime
2.2.2. Took little direct interest in matters of faith and didn't align himself with any major religious groups
2.2.3. Had few natural allies as he was not significantly involved in politics earlier
2.2.3.1. His regime therefore lacked a power base
2.3. Richard Cromwell as lord Protector
2.3.1. Regime got off to a positive start as he managed to reassure some of the competing factions
2.3.1.1. New model army faction
2.3.1.1.1. Composed of the likes of Generals Fleetwood and Lambert
2.3.1.1.2. Aim was to maintain political influence of the army
2.3.1.1.3. Richard tried to win them over by appointing Fleetwood lieutenant general and pledged to clear arrears to the army
2.3.1.2. Civilian Faction
2.3.1.2.1. Composed of the likes of John Thurloe, General Monck
2.3.1.2.2. Generally wanted to reduce the army's influence over government
2.4. Richard Cromwell Retiring as lord Protector
2.4.1. Primary reason for retiring
2.4.1.1. Lack of Army Support
2.4.1.1.1. Parliament were now able to civilianise government as a result of Richard Cromwell
2.4.1.1.2. Parliament had attempted to abolish the 'other house' made up of grandees
2.4.1.1.3. Parliament tried to impeach former Major general Boteler in 1657
2.4.1.2. Lost support of the republicans within parliament
2.4.1.2.1. They believed the 'good old cause' was being abandoned
2.4.1.2.2. Republicans accused protectorate of restoring monarchical tyranny
2.4.1.2.3. Radicals and the army worked together to establish a new rump parliament in May
3. 3. The Restoration
3.1. Reaction to Charles II restoration
3.1.1. Parliament
3.1.1.1. Charles was popular in the convention parliament
3.1.1.1.1. They had accepted the declaration of breda with no revisions
3.1.1.2. After the convention parliament was dissolved new elections were held to form the cavalier parliament, which lasted for 18 years under charles II
3.1.1.2.1. It was known as this for its overhwelmingly royalist nature of its members
3.1.2. Religion
3.1.2.1. In the delcaration charles set out he was a moderate anglican wanting to restore national church
3.1.2.1.1. He also agreed to allow a degree of freedom under liberty of conscience
3.1.2.2. Upon restoration puritanical restrictions were stopped
3.1.2.2.1. Reinforced sabbatarianism
3.1.2.3. 1661 Pro Anglican parliament reintroduced old Anglican church under Clarendon code
3.1.2.3.1. Restored episcopal system and compolsory church attendance
3.1.2.4. Venners Uprising 1661
3.1.2.4.1. Venner was a fifth monarchist
3.1.2.4.2. 50 armed followers broke in St Pauls cathedral and proclaimed Christ as King
3.1.2.4.3. Eventually uprising was crushed and perpetrators were hanged
3.1.3. General Population
3.1.3.1. Greeted by a celebratory atmosphere
3.1.3.1.1. Thousands lined the streets to watch him enter london on 29th may 1660
3.1.3.1.2. Public acts of celebration
3.1.3.2. Many thought restoration enabled avoidance of a civil war and marked a new era of stability