TEST PREP
par Julian Apodaca
1. Temperature moderation
2. WATER CYCLE
2.1. GROUND WATER
2.2. ROOT UPTAKE
2.3. EVAPORATION
2.4. PRECIPITATION
2.5. TRANSPIRATION
2.6. CONDENSATION
2.7. RUNOFF
2.8. SEEPAGE
2.9. BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING
3. LAWS OF CONVERSATION OF MATTER
3.1. matter can not be created or destroyed, it can be TRANSFERRED and rearranged into different forms.
3.2. matter can undergoes physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed.
3.3. The cycling of elements makes life possible on earth because it ensures the molecules that build living things are constantly available.
3.4. RESERVOIR- A place where matter, such as water or carbon is stored.
3.5. BIOSPHERE- All life forms on Earth; plants, animals, bacteria, soil.
3.6. HYDROSPHERE- all water on Earth- includes saltwater and fresh water.
3.7. LITHOSPHERE- solid outer section of the Earth.
3.8. ATMOSPHERE- a thin layer of gasses that surround the Earth.
3.9. RESIDENCE TIME- average amount of time that a carbon atom stays in a reservoir.
3.10. PROCESS- the method in which atoms move from one reservoir to another.
4. CARBON CYCLE
4.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS- plants converts CO2 from the atmosphere or ocean water into sugar in the biosphere.
4.2. PHYSICAL PROCESS- when carbon moves between reservoirs without the help of living organisms.
4.3. biological recycling process- when living organisms are involved in moving the carbon between reservoirs.
4.4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION- process used by plants and animals to create energy. O2 is used to break down sugar CO2 is a byproduct.
4.5. LIMESTONE^^^ in the notes section
4.6. CONSUMPTION- animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and other animals.
4.7. DECOMPOSITION- the process where dead plant and animal material is broken down by bacteria and returned to the soil.
4.8. FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION- when dead matter is buried without oxygen and experience a large amount of pressure and heat for millions of years.
4.9. COAL FORMATION- coal forms from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago.
4.10. OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION- these form from the decay of tiny marine organisms that accumulated on the bottom of the ocean millions of years ago. These remains were buried in sediments heated until they became energy- rich carbon based molecules.
4.11. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY- volcanoes melt carbonate rocks such as: limestone and marble and release the carbon into the atmosphere as CO2 gas.
4.12. ABSORPTION- when carbon is pulled from the atmosphere into the ocean. this is the source of ocean acidifcation - excess carbon from the atmosphere is being pulled into the ocean.
4.13. COMBUSTION- humans burn fossil fuels to produce energy and run engines. this adds extra CO2 into the atmosphere.
4.14. DEFORESTATION- humans cut down forests, this slows down how fast carbon can be pulled out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
5. NITROGEN CYCLE
5.1. N2
5.2. NITROGEN FIXATION BACTERIA
5.3. NITROGEN FIXATION
5.4. DECAY/ WASTE
5.5. AMMONIFICATION
5.6. AMMONIA
5.7. NITRATE
5.8. NITRIFICATION
5.9. NITRATE
5.10. ASSIMILATION
5.11. DENITRIFICATION
6. CARBON CYCLE
7. Biochemistry & Life
7.1. Matter
7.2. Mass
7.3. Elements
7.3.1. sub note to elemnts
7.4. Atoms
7.4.1. sub note to Atoms
7.5. Atomic Makeup
7.6. Nucleus
7.6.1. sub note to nucleus
7.7. Electrons
7.7.1. sub note to electrons
7.8. Isotopes
7.9. Compounds
7.10. Covalant bonds
7.11. Iconic bonds
7.12. States of matter
7.12.1. Solid
7.12.2. Liquid
7.12.3. Gas
8. Energy and chemical Reactions
8.1. Chemical reation
8.2. Reactants
8.3. Products
8.4. Bi- directional Arrow
8.5. Metabolism
8.6. Activation energy
8.7. Polarity
8.8. Hydrogen Bonding
8.9. Cohesion & Adhesion
8.9.1. Adhesion
8.10. Solutions
8.11. Concentrations
8.12. Acids and bases
8.13. Ph scale and buffers
9. Discovery of cells
9.1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
9.2. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all the process of life.
9.3. Robert Hooke used an early microscope to see cells in thin slices of cork.
9.4. He described what he saw as "Little boxes" and sketched his drawings.
9.5. Dutch trader Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that were 10 times as strong as Robert Hooke's instruments.
9.6. In 1673, he was able to observe cells from the genus Spirogyra and Vorticella. This was the first time that observation of movement was seen.
10. Cell Theory
10.1. This is comprised of three essential parts:
10.1.1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
10.1.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and and function in an organism.
10.1.3. cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
11. Cellular basis of life
11.1. All living things share 8 basic characteristics
11.1.1. They consist of organized parts
11.1.2. they obtain energy from surroundings
11.1.3. They perform chemical reactions
11.1.4. They change with time
11.1.5. They adapt to their environment
11.1.6. They reproduce
11.1.7. They maintain homeostasis
11.1.8. They share a common history
12. Cell size & shape
12.1. Cells are very diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization
12.2. A cells function influences its' physical features.
12.3. A cells shape can be simple or complex depending on the function of the cell
12.4. Some cells can be seen by the human eye, such as human egg cells which are the size of a period dot.
12.5. Cell size is limited to the relationship of the cells surface area-to- volume ratio
12.6. This is important because if a cell were to become too large, it couldn't pass materials into and out of itself.
13. Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Organisms
14. Basic Parts of a Cell
14.1. All cells have three basic features
14.1.1. All cells have a plasma membrane, which covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier into and out of the cell
14.1.2. The region of the cell within the plasma membrane that includes the fluid, cytoplasm.
14.1.3. The nucleus contains a cells DNA and regulates function. The nuclear matrix is the protein skeleton that maintains it's shape. Certain cells that are simpler, prokaryotes, have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus.
15. Two Basic Types of Cells - Prokaryotes
15.1. prokaryotes are organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
15.2. They lack a nucleus, but instead have a nucleoid.
15.3. They are further divided into a domain bacteria and Archaea
16. Two Basic Types of Cells - Eukaryotes
16.1. Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles are called eukaryotes.
16.2. These have organelles which are intracellular bodies that perform a specific function for the cell.
16.3. Eukaryotes are generally much larger than prokaryotes.
17. Cellular Organization
18. Colonial Organization
19. Groups of CELLS took on specific roles as organisms evolved
20. Groups that perform a particular job in an organism are called TISSUES.
21. Groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism are called ORGANS.
22. An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that accomplish related tasks. The stomach and liver are organs that are part of the digestive system.
23. Organ systems combine to make up an ORGANISM.
24. Plasma Membrane
25. Nucleus
26. Mitochondria
27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
28. Ribosomes
29. Golgi Apparatus
30. Lysosomes
31. Peroxisome
32. Cytoskeleton
33. Cilia & Flagella
34. Centrioles
35. Plant cells
36. Cell wall
37. Central vacuole
38. Plastids
39. Comparing the cells
40. Fundamentals of DNA
40.1. -DNA Double Helix
40.2. -Nitrogenous Bases
40.3. Complementary Bases-
40.4. The structure for DNA
40.5. DNA Replication-
40.6. How much DNA?
40.7. Steps of DNA replication
40.8. Replication Fork
40.9. DNA Errors
40.10. DNA nucleotide
41. What is RNA? How's it different from DNA?
42. RNA Structure and Function
43. The Flow of Genetic Information
44. Flow of Genetic Information
45. Problems with protein synthesis
46. Steps of Transcription
47. After Transcription
48. Translation
49. -protein synthesis
50. UNIT 8 SECTION 1
50.1. Chromosome structure-
50.2. Chromosome numbers-
50.3. Diploid and Haploid Cells-
50.4. Cell Division in Prokaryotes-
50.5. Cell Division in Eukaryotes-
50.6. The Cell Cycle-
50.7. Interphase-
50.8. Prophase-
50.9. Metaphase-
50.10. Anaphase-
50.11. Telophase-
50.12. After mitosis cytokinesis-
50.13. When control is lost-
51. UNIT 9 SECTION 1
52. Unit 9 section 2
53. EROSION
53.1. methods
53.2. small scale
53.3. Surface runoff
53.4. Coastal erosion
53.5. Large scale of erosion
54. WEATHERING OF ROCK
54.1. Physical Weathering
54.1.1. water abrasion
54.1.2. Frost Wedging
54.1.3. Plant Action
54.1.4. abrasion
54.1.5. wind abrasion
54.1.6. glacial abrasion
54.1.7. air abrasion
54.2. chemical weathering
54.2.1. carbonation
54.2.2. Oxidation
54.2.3. hydrolysis
54.3. factors effecting the weights of weathering
54.3.1. climate differences
54.3.1.1. cold and humid
54.3.1.2. hot and humid
54.3.2. root action
54.3.3. hot and humid climates
54.3.4. mountains and poles
54.3.5. mineral composition