1. Key Terms
1.1. Cartography
1.1.1. the study of drawing/making maps
1.2. Cardinal Directions
1.2.1. North
1.2.2. South
1.2.3. East
1.2.4. West
2. Maps and Globes
2.1. Map
2.1.1. two-dimensional drawing of the Earth's surface
2.1.1.1. doesn't accurately show Earth's shape
2.1.1.1.1. ex. some ares look bigger or smaller
2.1.1.2. good at showing smaller areas of Earth
2.1.2. most show grid system
2.2. Globe
2.2.1. three-dimensional model of Earth
2.2.1.1. best way to show Earth (spherical)
2.2.1.2. doesn't show smaller areas of Earth
3. Latitude & Longitude
3.1. Latitude
3.1.1. horizontal lines that measure North or South
3.1.1.1. ex. equator
3.1.1.1.1. 0 degrees latitude
3.1.1.2. also called parallels
3.2. Longitude
3.2.1. vertical lines that measure East or West
3.2.1.1. ex. Prime Meridian
3.2.1.1.1. 0 degrees longitude
3.2.1.2. ex. International Date Line
3.2.1.2.1. 180 degrees longitude
3.2.1.3. also called meridians
3.3. Measurement
3.3.1. occur in degrees
3.3.1.1. New Orleans, Louisiana - 30 degrees North, 90 degrees West
3.3.2. more precise is minutes
3.3.2.1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - 40 degrees 26 seconds North, 79 degrees 59 seconds West
4. Other Geographic Tools
4.1. GPS
4.1.1. Global Positioning Service
4.1.2. uses satellites to transmit locations of objects on Earth
4.1.2.1. ex. Google maps
4.1.2.2. ex. Garmin
4.2. GIS
4.2.1. Geographic Information System
4.2.2. used on computers
4.2.2.1. compiles geographic data
4.2.2.1.1. add layers on top
4.2.2.2. solves complex problems
4.2.2.2.1. ex. if area floods a lot
5. Map Projections
5.1. different ways that a round planet can be shown on flat surface
5.1.1. Different Projections
5.1.1.1. Mercator
5.1.1.1.1. one of the earliest projections
5.1.1.1.2. keeps shape accurate and maintains straight latitude and longitude lines
5.1.1.1.3. area of landforms near the poles is much larger than reality
5.1.1.2. Mollweide
5.1.1.2.1. area is accurate
5.1.1.2.2. shape and direction are faulty
5.1.1.3. Robinson
5.1.1.3.1. in between accuracy of Mercator and Mollweide
5.1.1.3.2. shape, area, and direction are all fairly accurate
5.1.1.4. Goode Homolosine
5.1.1.4.1. looks like an orange peel
5.1.1.4.2. area is very accurate and shape is mostly accurate
5.1.1.4.3. distance and direction are poor due to cuts
5.1.1.5. Fuller
5.1.1.5.1. looks like tiles stuck together
5.1.1.5.2. distance and shape are good
5.1.1.5.3. direction and area are not very good
5.1.1.6. Peters
5.1.1.6.1. good area
5.1.1.6.2. shape of the continents is off
5.2. Projection's quality is based on SADD
5.2.1. Shape
5.2.1.1. appearance of each continent, and how similar it is to reality
5.2.2. Area
5.2.2.1. compares geographical features to see if size is accurate
5.2.3. Distance
5.2.3.1. how far places are away from each other
5.2.4. Direction
5.2.4.1. check to make sure the cardinal directions form straight lines