1. Biodiversity
1.1. Biodiversity, exists due to million years of evolution. Estimated that 30 - 100 million kinds of organisms exist. and only a small fraction life on Earth.
1.2. 3 levels of biodiversity
1.2.1. 1.) Genetic Diversity - the total number of genetic characteristics in a species and serves away for populations to adapt to changing environments
1.2.2. 2.) Species diversity - number of different species in an area or community and species evenness, the degree to which the relative abundances of species are similar.
1.2.3. 3.) Ecosystem diversity - variations in ecosystem within a geographical location and it impact on humans and the environment.
2. Dichotomous Keys
2.1. Tools used to help place organisms into the correct classification group and yes or no questions are asked to determine and narrow down the possibilities.
2.1.1. Example of dichotomous keys
3. Microbiology
3.1. Field of biology that studies microorganisms such as viruses, archaea, eubacteria, protists and fungi. Microorganisms are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and require magnification to be observed, many are unicellular and go through 2 types of reproduction asexual and sexual
3.1.1. Asexual reproduction - one cell reproduces an offspring on it own as a single parent, an exact copy of the parent cell is made with the same DNA and genetic material is identical to the parent.
3.1.2. Sexual reproduction - 2 parents are involved in the making of an offspring, process of meiosis occurs the mix of sperm and egg. The DNA of the offspring is different from the parents.
4. Bacteria Kingdom
4.1. Structure, small organisms (1 - 10 nm), has a cell wall that provides structure and protein for the contents in the cell, has a cell membrane controls the passage of material coming in and out of the cell this is where cellular respiration occurs, there is no mitochondria or chloroplast. DNA found in a single chromosome and forms a ring instead of strand. Cytoplasm contains ribosomes responsible for the making of proteins and plasmids
4.2. Can reproduce sexually and asexually
4.2.1. Sexually is rare, 2 bacteria cells a giver and receiver to make cell to cell contact. Parts of DNA transferred from the giver to the receiver, new DNA is then added to the existing DNA ring. Alters characteristics of bacteria and new gene is formed.
4.2.2. Asexual a single strand of DNA that replicates the parent, plasmids will also replicate and new cross wall divides the bacterium into 2 identical cells.
4.3. Bacterial genetics, bacteria reproduces exponentially the population of bacteria may double every 20 minutes during optimal growth.
5. Six Kingdom
5.1. Three domains within kingdoms and 6 different kingdoms. The 3 main domains are bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.
5.1.1. Eubacteria is apart of the bacteria domain, archaeabacteria is apart of the archaea domain and Protista, plantae, fungi and Animalia are all part of the eukaryote domain.
6. Classification
6.1. The grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
6.2. Importance of classification, medical discoveries help scientist know what we have already found and what to look for next. Cross breeding is where species with desirable traits are breeder together (plants, resistant to parasites or disease). Tracing the transmission of diseases and finding treatments. Conservations, breeding programs and protection of endangered species.
6.3. Linnaean classification, taxonomic levels are used to classify organisms. When grouping it starts off general by domain and then gets more specific with species. There are eight levels of classification.
6.4. Modern classification
6.4.1. Phylogeny - evolutionary history of an organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of biology celled systematic taxonomy. A phylogeny tree is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships through to exist among groups of organisms, usually based on the combinations of these fossil records, morphology (physical structures), embryological patterns of development, chromosomes and DNA.
7. Three Domains
7.1. 1.) Bacteria - made up of all the eubacteria (prokaryotic cells)
7.2. 2.) Archaea - consists of archaebacteria (Prokaryotic cells)
7.2.1. 2 types of cells Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
7.2.1.1. Prokaryotic cells, this is a smaller and simpler cell that has no membrane - bound nucleus and no organelles expect for ribosomes and DNA.This group includes all bacteria cells such as eubacteria and archaebacteria.
7.2.1.2. Eukaryotic cells, these cells are larger and more complicated, they do have a membrane - bound nucleus. This group includes animals, plants, fungi and protist cells.
7.3. 3.) Eukarya - consists of protists, fungi, animals and plants (Eukaryotic cells)
8. Viruses
8.1. Viruses are not considered living organisms. Living organisms are made up of cells that grow and develop. Living organisms reproduce and respond and adapt to their environment. Viruses are not made up of cells, only capable of 1 life function; reproduction only within a living cell, outside cells and viruses are life less chemicals
8.2. Viruses are classified in 2 ways
8.2.1. 1.) Organisms they infect, host range - the types of cells the virus can infect
8.2.1.1. A cold virus can infect and effect the human respiratory cells. Rabies can infect and effect nerve cells in dogs, rodents and humans. HIV can effect and infect the white blood cells of a human. Bacteriophage infects bacteria.
8.2.2. 2.) Structure, the size and shape of the capsid and the type of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
8.2.2.1. Very small and is measured in units called nanometers (nm) and the size ranges from 20 - 400 nm. The influenza virus is 115 nm, the polio virus (25 nm) and the human red blood cell is (7500 nm)
8.2.2.2. Difference between DNA and RNA viruses
8.2.2.2.1. DNA viruses such as chickenpox are stable and the same throughout
8.2.2.2.2. RNA viruses like the common cold are unstable as they change their protein coat and trick our immune system.
8.3. Human health, viral infections are difficult to treat and can not be treated with antibiotics (inhabits the growth of bacteria or destroys it). Some viruses can remain dormant and symptoms won't appear for years, certain viruses can lead to cancer by adding specific genes to infected cell.
9. Protista Kingdom
9.1. Lives as individual cells or groups of cells working together, lives in moist environments, microscopic eukaryotic cell, can be autotrophic and heterotrophic, free living and reproduces both asexually and sexually.
9.2. 3 categories of Protista
9.2.1. Animal like Protista within this category there are 4 types of Protista. 1.) Sarcodines have psudopods (false foot) used for locomotion and to capture food. they eat other protists. festive light and some chemicals. 2.) Ciliates uses cilia to move, feel and gather food 3.) Flagellates, move using flagella (long whip - like structure), live in animals symbiotic or mutualistic and can cause disease. 4.) Sporozoans all can cause disease, feed of cells and body fluids, forms from tiny reproductive cells called spores and passes from one host to another.
9.2.2. Plant like Protista they are unicellular and multicellural, live in colonies, moves on their own and have pigmenat (chemical that creates colour to skin).
9.2.2.1. 6 groups: 1.) Euglenoids 2.) Diatoms 3.) Dinoflagellates 4.) Red algae 5.) Green algae 6.) Brown algae
9.2.3. Fungus like Protista heterotrophs, they have cell walls, many have flagella and able to move at some point in their lives and reproduce with spores.