1. Pre-writing strategies
1.1. Strategies to gather your ideas
1.1.1. Freewrite
1.1.2. List
1.2. Visual templates to organize ideas
1.2.1. Outline
1.2.2. Clustering
2. Rules of academic writing
2.1. Basic grammar rules
2.1.1. 1. You must write in sentences
2.1.2. 2. Subjects and verbs in sentences must agree with each other
2.1.3. 3. You must use appropriate punctuation
2.1.4. 4. You must use the right vocabulary
2.1.5. 5. You must use the apostrophe correctly and with care
2.2. Conventions in academic writing
2.2.1. 1. Style conventions
2.2.2. 2. Tone conventions
2.2.3. 3. Forming arguments
3. Tips and extras
3.1. Passive voice
3.1.1. Avoid "I, We, You"
3.1.2. Use impersonal constructions
3.1.3. Convey emotion with style tricks and good choice of words
3.2. Signposting
3.2.1. Saying where you are
3.2.2. Saying where you are going
3.3. Other types of paragraph to vary your style
3.3.1. Loose
3.3.2. Mixed
3.3.3. Periodic
3.3.4. Cyclic
3.4. Tips
3.4.1. Think about what to write and how to write it
3.4.2. Avoid repetition
3.4.3. Avoid cliches
3.4.4. Help your reader by signposting the arguments you are making
3.4.5. Read other people's stuff
4. Daniel Viedma
5. Academic style
5.1. NO
5.1.1. Slang
5.1.2. Phrasal verbs
5.1.3. Personal nouns/verbs
5.1.4. Questions
5.1.5. Contractions
5.1.6. Numbers/Bullet points
5.1.7. Basic language
5.1.8. Repetition
5.2. YES
5.2.1. Passive structures
5.2.2. Academic vocabulary
5.2.3. Referencing systems - bibliography
5.2.4. Complex grammar structures
5.2.5. Precise facts/figures
5.2.6. Accurate vocabulary
5.2.7. Hedging - tentative language
5.2.7.1. Examples
5.2.7.1.1. Often, could, may, possibly, seems, usually, conceivably, and more.
6. Main characteristics
6.1. Structure is required
6.1.1. Beginning
6.1.2. Middle
6.1.3. End
6.2. Citation of published authors
6.2.1. References
6.2.2. Support with factual information
6.3. You should always follow rules of punctuation and grammar
6.4. Topics
6.4.1. Traditionally, academic topics have focused on abstract things
6.4.1.1. Ideas and concepts, not necessarily physical