1. Muscles
1.1. Extrinsic
1.1.1. Superficial
1.1.1.1. Latissimus Dorsi
1.1.1.1.1. Adduction, extension, internal rotation of the humerus
1.1.1.2. Trapezius
1.1.1.2.1. Upper
1.1.1.2.2. Middle
1.1.1.2.3. Lower
1.1.1.3. Rhomboid Major
1.1.1.3.1. retraction & downward rotation of shoulder
1.1.1.4. Rhomboid Minor
1.1.1.4.1. retraction & downward rotation of shoulder
1.1.1.5. Levator Scapulae
1.1.1.5.1. elevations & downward rotation of shoulder, extension & ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck
1.1.2. Intermediate
1.1.2.1. Serratus posterior superior
1.1.2.1.1. elevation of rib
1.1.2.2. Serratus posterior inferior
1.1.2.2.1. depression of rib
1.2. Intrinsic
1.2.1. Splenius
1.2.1.1. Splenius Capitis
1.2.1.1.1. rotates & extend head
1.2.1.2. Splenius Cervicis
1.2.1.2.1. extends, rotates & laterally flexes neck
1.2.2. Erector Spinae Group
1.2.2.1. Iliocostalis
1.2.2.1.1. extension & lateral flexion
1.2.2.2. Longissimus
1.2.2.2.1. extension & lateral flexion
1.2.2.3. Spinalis
1.2.2.3.1. extension & lateral flexion
1.2.3. Transversospinalis
1.2.3.1. Semispinalis
1.2.3.1.1. extension & rotation
1.2.3.2. Multifidus
1.2.3.2.1. extension
1.2.3.3. Rotatores
1.2.3.3.1. extension & rotation
1.2.4. Segmental
1.2.4.1. Interspinales
1.2.4.1.1. extension
1.2.4.2. Intertransversarii
1.2.4.2.1. lateral flexion
1.2.4.3. Levatores Costarum
1.2.4.3.1. elevation of the ribs
2. Thoracic
2.1. plane
2.1.1. frontal
2.2. movement
2.2.1. limited rotation, extension, flexion, lateral flexion
2.3. specific structures
2.3.1. superior, inferior, transverse coastal facets
3. Cervical
3.1. plane
3.1.1. transverse
3.2. movement
3.2.1. flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
3.3. specific structures
3.3.1. atlas
3.3.1.1. anterior/posterior tubercle, lateral masses,
3.3.2. axis
3.3.2.1. dens
3.3.3. transverse foramen, anterior/posterior tubercle, uncinate process
4. Lumbar
4.1. plane
4.1.1. sagittal
4.2. movement
4.2.1. flexion, extension, lateral flexion, limited rotation
4.3. specific structures
4.3.1. accessory & mamillary processes
5. Sacrum
5.1. specific structures
5.1.1. sacral canal
5.1.2. sacral hiatus
5.1.3. sacral crest
5.1.3.1. lateral
5.1.3.2. intermediate
5.1.3.3. median
6. Coccyx
6.1. specific structures
6.1.1. apex
6.1.2. base
6.1.3. cornu
7. Vertebral Column
7.1. Ligaments
7.1.1. Anterior Longitudinal
7.1.1.1. turns into Anterior atlantoaxial/occipital superior at C2
7.1.1.2. resists hyperextension
7.1.2. Posterior Longitudinal
7.1.2.1. turns into Tectorial Membrane superior to C2
7.1.2.2. resists flexion
7.1.3. Supraspinous
7.1.3.1. turns into Nuchal ligament superior to C7
7.1.3.2. resists hyperflexion
7.1.4. Ligamentum Flava
7.1.4.1. turns into Posterior atlantoaxial/occipital superior to C2
7.1.4.2. resists flexion
7.1.5. Interspinous
7.1.5.1. limits hyperflexion
7.1.6. Intertransverse
7.1.6.1. limits lateral hyperflexion
7.1.7. Alar
7.1.7.1. resists cervical rotation
7.1.8. Apical
7.1.8.1. prevents displacement of the dens posteriorly
7.1.9. Cruciform
7.1.9.1. prevents displacement of the dens
7.2. Joints
7.2.1. costovertebral
7.2.1.1. synovial
7.2.2. costotransverse
7.2.2.1. synovial
7.2.3. sacroiliac
7.2.3.1. synovial
7.2.4. sacrococcygeal
7.2.4.1. symphysis
7.2.5. lumbosacral
7.2.5.1. synovial, symphysis
7.2.6. atlantoaxial
7.2.6.1. synovial
7.2.7. atlantooccipital
7.2.7.1. bicondylar synovial
7.2.8. facet
7.2.8.1. synovial
7.3. Functions
7.3.1. protection
7.3.2. shock absorption
7.3.3. mobility
7.3.4. structural support