1. Spache rejects the idea that dyslexia arises from a brain malfunction (Spache,1976, p.192)
2. Manzo & Manzo
3. Neurolinguistic functions, especially agnosias, are involved with dyslexia (Manzo & Manzo, 1993, p.399).
4. Lesions to the corpus callosum continue to be implicated in post mortems of patients with dyslexia (Manzo & Manzo, 1993, p. 402).
5. Manzo & Manzo not only believe that damage to different areas of the brain is responsible for reading difficulties, but that damage to different parts of the brain cause different subtypes of dyslexia (404-406).
6. For example, surface dyslexics are likely to have damage to Wernicke's Area
7. Brain defects are analyzed using CT, PET, rcCBF , and FMRI (p.398)
8. The attitude of the authors towards the anomalies that do not fit into the subtypes is positive. They believe these open the door for further classification and types of reading disorders (Manzo & Manzo, 1993, p.408)
9. Both Spache and Manzo & Manzo list a myriad of treatments for dyslexia, not all of them being successful.
10. Another similarity between the two sets of authors is the addressing of multiple treatments for dyslexia. Both articles list a multitude of treatments, though Manzo and Manzo actually add in a confidence meter to give the reader more information about each type of treatment.
11. There are too many different definitions of dyslexia and no agreement as to the cause.
12. The original connotations were that pupils had a hereditary inability to learn to read and to spell that would persist into adulthood and was probably incurable (Spache, 1976, p.179). Spache disagrees with this definition.
13. Spache
14. Dyslexia and Privilege | Samantha Coppola | TEDxTheMastersSchool
15. What is dyslexia?
16. Spache believed that it doesn't make sense to think that reding progress is driectly related to a specifically localized brain defect (Spache, 1976,p. 182). His attitude is very negative.
17. "Common symptoms that are supposed to indicate brain damage... may actually reflect disturbance in ego or self-concept development" (Spache, 1976, p.192)
18. Critics oppose the chemotherapy treatments for "brain damage" because of possible misdiagnosis, side effects, and because there are other alternatives (Spache, 1972, p.195)
19. The concept of the role of laterality and cerebral dominance is unacceptable, and even medical, optometric, and psychological authorities agree (Spache, 1972, p.197).
20. This TED talk emphasizes the treatment of Dyslexia dependent upon family economics.
21. Nathan Flax concluded that eye dominance was not all related to reading disability (Spache, 1976, p.199)
22. Reversals, which are considered a primary symptom of reading disability or dyslexia by some, are not caused by mirror images of a word in both hemispheres (Spache, 1976, p.199)
23. A group of 100 children referred as dyslexic-to the University of Florida Interdisciplinary Child Help Center for Learning Disabilities were studied. The data shows tat more than half are not even seriously retarded in reading (Spache, 1976m p. 204).
24. Hallgren says reading difficulty resulting from a localized lesion in the dominant hemisphere is extremely rare. He also states that poor handwriting in adults identifies those who were dyslexic as children (Spache, 1976, p.182).
25. The brain imaging relied on EEG technology (p.189)
