1. Irony the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning
1.1. functions of irony: humor, status elevation, aggression, and emotional control
2. Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical relation of two adjacent words in the context, one metaphorical and the other literal in sense
2.1. Functions: -helps to produce a dramatic effect -lends an ironic/humorous twist to the utterance: -add s vividness and conciseness to texts
3. A pun–is a form of wordplay which suggests two or more interpretations, by exploiting multiple meanings of words or phrases for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.
3.1. Functions of pun: Emotional Transference Associated Meaning
4. Oxymoron -combination of two semantically contradictory notions
4.1. Function : oxymoron adds an element of complexity
5. Simile – set one object against another regardless of the fact that they may be completely alien to each other
5.1. Function: To paint a picture and gibe an example
6. Personification - qualities of animate objects are attributed to inanimate objects
6.1. Function: adds vividness to expressions
7. Understatement - expression with less strenght thaan excepted
7.1. Functions: - to present the latter through the emotionally coloured perception and rendering of the speaker - to intensify the quantitative or the qualitative aspect of the mentioned object
8. Metaphor - Identification between two entities that have or seem to have nothing in common. Example: hand of a door
8.1. Functions 1) to make the description concrete 2) to express the individual attitude
9. Metonomy – the whole object is named by its part . Example.: I have read Abai
9.1. The stylistic function of metonymy is to create, imagery, to give sensual, visuable, more perceptable presentationof an idea.
10. Epithet expresses characteristics of an object, both existing and imaginary
10.1. Function : characterizes a place, a thing, or a person that helps make the characteristics of this thing more prominent
11. Autonomasia – is the result of interaction between logical and nominal meaning of a word
11.1. Functions : - to characterize the person simultaneously with naming him - to give information to the reader about the bearer of the name
12. Hyperbole (pronounced ‘high-purr-bo-lee’) is a figure of speech in which an author or speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an extreme.
12.1. Functions : - to emphasize for an amusing effect - to denote signals of the emotional background of the utterance
13. Periphrasis is a stylistic device which basically consists of using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one
13.1. Function is creating splendid effects to draw readers’ attention
