1. Evaporation
1.1. Principle: Volatile component (solvent) evaporates leaving non-volatile solute as residue. Hence it can separate a volatile component from a non-volatile one
1.2. Applications:
1.2.1. Cool a warm cup of tea/coffee
1.2.2. To dry wet clothes
1.3. Apparatus:
1.3.1. Beaker
1.3.2. Watch glass
1.3.3. Ink
1.3.4. Water
1.3.5. Burner and iron stand
2. Sublimation
2.1. Principle: The sublimable solid, gets vaporized due to high volatility and hence is separated from non sublimable non-volatile impurity
2.2. Examples of sublimable substances:
2.2.1. napthalene
2.2.2. anthracene
2.2.3. camphor
2.2.4. ammonium chloride
2.3. Apparatus
2.3.1. China Dish
2.3.2. Camphor
2.3.3. Salt
2.3.4. Funnel
2.3.5. Plug
3. Chromatography
3.1. Principle: Used to seperate the solutes that are dissolved in the same solvent on the basis of their solubility in water
3.2. Applications:
3.2.1. Used to seperate colours in a dye
3.2.2. Used to seperate pigments from natural colours
3.2.3. Used to seperate drugs from blood
3.3. Apparatus:
3.3.1. Filter paper
3.3.2. Ink
3.3.3. Water
3.3.4. Beaker
4. Crystallization
4.1. Principle: Seperates solid from its solution to form its crystals. Used to purify a substance
4.2. Applications:
4.2.1. Used to purify salt obtained from sea water
4.3. Apparatus
4.3.1. CuSO4 (impure)
4.3.2. China disha
4.3.3. Water
4.3.4. Filter paper
5. Distillation
5.1. Principle: Used to seperate a mixture of 2 liquids that boil without decomposition and have a difference of greater than 25K. The liquid which has lesser boiling point (more volatile) vaporizes first leaving the other liquid in the retort
5.2. Examples of miscible liquids seperated by this method:
5.2.1. Water and acetone
5.3. Apparatus:
5.3.1. Thermometer
5.3.2. Liebig's Condenser
5.3.3. Condenser outlet
5.3.4. Beaker
5.3.5. Acetone and water
6. Fractional Distillation
6.1. Principle: Used to seperate a mixture of 2 liquids having difference of less than 25K in their boiling points
6.2. Application:
6.2.1. Seperating different gasses from air
6.2.2. Seperating different factions of petroleum products
6.3. Apparatus:
6.3.1. Same as regular distillation with addition of fractionating column between retort and condenser
6.3.1.1. Fractionating column has glass beads that provide surface for vapors to cool and condense repeatedly