CPACC

1. Theoretical Models of Disability

1.1. Medical Model

1.1.1. Strengths

1.1.1.1. States an obvious point about the biological reality of disabilities

1.1.1.2. Helps medical professionals make important decisions in terms of treatment

1.1.1.3. Helps deciding who should receive government assistance

1.1.2. Weaknesses

1.1.2.1. Focuses exclusively on the biology of the person

1.1.2.2. Assigns disability as a characteristic of an individual person

1.1.2.3. There is a danger that the definitions might be too narrow and too exclusive for some people with disabilities

1.1.2.4. Adds a level of inconvenient bureaucracy to individuals lives

1.2. Social Model

1.3. Biopsychosocial Model

1.4. Economic Model

1.5. Functional Solutions Model

1.6. Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

1.7. Charity/Tragedy Model

1.8. Other Models

1.8.1. Affirmation Model

1.8.2. Sociopolitical Model

1.8.3. Religious/Moral Model

1.8.4. Expert or Professional Model

1.8.5. Rehabilitation Model

2. Disability Etiquette

2.1. Principles

2.1.1. Talking About Disabilities

2.1.2. Talking to People with Disabilities

2.1.3. Helping People

2.1.4. Service Animals

2.1.5. Assistive Technologies

2.1.6. Everyone Is Different

2.2. Examples

2.2.1. Speaking to the person directly, not to the person accompanying them

2.2.2. Offering assistance only if the person requests it or after you have asked their permission.

2.2.3. Acknowledging the individual’s ability to make decisions and judgments on their own behalf

2.2.4. Use language and terminology that places people first

2.2.5. Not making assumptions about what the person can or cannot do

2.2.6. Avoid referring to people by their disability

3. Web Accessibility Principles

3.1. Perceivable

3.2. Operable

3.3. Understandable

3.4. Robust

4. Usability and Accessibility

5. Standards and Laws

5.1. International Declarations and Conventions

5.1.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

5.1.2. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

5.1.3. The Marrakesh Treaty

5.1.4. Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities

5.1.5. Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons

5.1.6. Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund

5.2. Regional Instruments

5.2.1. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

5.2.2. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights

5.2.3. The Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities

5.3. National and Provincial Instruments

5.3.1. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

5.3.2. The United Kingdom - The Equality Act of 2010

5.3.3. Ontarians with Disabilities Act of 2001

6. Basic Disability Concepts

6.1. Diverse Abilities

6.1.1. Recognizable Disabilities

6.1.2. Hidden Disabilities

6.1.3. Temporary Disabilities

6.1.4. Age-Related Disabilities

6.2. Assistive Technologies

6.2.1. Blindness

6.2.1.1. Screen readers

6.2.1.2. Refreshable braille devices

6.2.2. Low Vision

6.2.2.1. Screen enlargers

6.2.2.2. Screen readers

6.2.3. Color Blindness

6.2.3.1. Color enhancement overlays or glasses

6.2.4. Deafness

6.2.4.1. Captions

6.2.4.2. Transcripts

6.2.5. Motor/Mobility Disabilities

6.2.5.1. Head wand

6.2.5.2. Mouth stick

6.2.5.3. Alternative keyboards

6.2.5.4. Eye gaze tracking

6.2.5.5. Voice activation

6.2.6. Cognitive Disabilities

6.2.6.1. Screen readers

6.2.6.2. Screen overlays

6.2.6.3. Augmentative communication aids

7. Types of Disabilities

7.1. Blindness

7.1.1. Screen readers

7.1.2. Self-voicing interfaces

7.1.3. Refreshable braille

7.2. Low Vision

7.3. Color Blindness

7.4. Deafblindness

7.4.1. Screen reader

7.4.2. Text transcript of the audio

7.5. Auditory Disabilities

7.5.1. Provide synchronized captions with videos

7.5.2. Provide sign language interpretation

7.5.3. Provide a transcript

7.5.4. Provide sign language interpretation

7.5.5. Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech

7.5.6. Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off.

7.6. Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities

7.6.1. Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick

7.6.2. One-Handed Keyboard

7.6.3. Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys

7.6.4. Speech Recognition

7.7. Cognitive Disabilities

7.8. Dyslexia/Reading Disabilities

7.9. Math Disabilities

7.10. Speech Disabilities

7.11. Seizure Disorders

7.12. Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

7.13. Multiple/Compound Disabilities

8. Benefits of Accessible Design

8.1. For People with Disabilities

8.2. For Businesses and Organizations

8.3. For People Without Disabilities

9. Universal Design

9.1. For the Web

9.1.1. Images

9.1.2. Color

9.1.3. Contrast

9.1.4. Video & Audio

9.1.5. Links

9.1.6. Headings

9.1.7. Keyboard Accessibility

9.1.8. Tables

9.1.9. Forms

9.1.10. Dynamic JavaScript

9.1.11. PDF Documents

9.2. For the Physical World

9.2.1. Targets

9.2.1.1. Sidewalks

9.2.1.2. Building Entrances

9.2.1.3. Multi-Level Buildings

9.2.1.4. Doorways

9.2.1.5. Bathrooms

9.2.1.6. Drinking Fountains

9.2.1.7. Transportation Systems

9.2.1.8. Taxis

9.2.1.9. Emergencies

9.2.1.10. Grocery Stores

9.2.1.11. Self Check-in/Check-out

9.2.1.12. Signs

9.2.1.13. Printed Materials

9.2.1.14. Microwaves

9.2.1.15. Televisions

9.2.1.16. Movies

9.2.1.17. ATMs

9.2.1.18. Mobile Devices

9.2.2. Principles

9.2.2.1. 1- Equitable Use

9.2.2.2. 2- Flexibility in Use

9.2.2.3. 3- Simple and Intuitive Use

9.2.2.4. 4- Perceptible Information

9.2.2.5. 5- Tolerance for Error

9.2.2.6. 6- Low Physical Effort

9.2.2.7. 7- Size and Space for Approach and Use

9.3. For Learning

9.3.1. Principles

9.3.1.1. Multiple Means of Representation

9.3.1.1.1. Guideline 1: Provide Options for Perception

9.3.1.1.2. Guideline 2: Provide Options for Language, Mathematical Expressions, and Symbols

9.3.1.1.3. Guideline 3: Provide Options for Comprehension

9.3.1.2. Multiple Means of Action & Expression

9.3.1.2.1. Guideline 4: Provide Options for Physical Action

9.3.1.2.2. Guideline 5: Provide Options for Expression and Communication

9.3.1.2.3. Guideline 6: Provide Options for Executive Functions

9.3.1.3. Multiple Means of Engagement

9.3.1.3.1. Guideline 7: Provide Options for Recruiting Interest

9.3.1.3.2. Guideline 8: Provide Options for Sustaining Effort and Persistence

9.3.1.3.3. Guideline 9: Provide Options for Self-Regulation

10. Myths and Misconceptions

10.1. Truths

10.1.1. Accessibility Benefits a Wide Variety of People

10.1.2. Designing for Accessibility is Much Easier (and results in a better design) than Retrofitting for Accessibility

10.1.3. Accessibility is an ongoing design requirement

10.2. Myths

10.2.1. Accessibility Benefits Only a Small Minority

10.2.2. Accessibility Is a Short-Term Project

10.2.3. Accessibility Should Be the Last Step

10.2.4. Accessibility Is Hard & Expensive

10.2.5. Accessibility Is Ugly

11. Accessibility Across the Organization

11.1. Web Accessibility Initiative Recommendations

11.1.1. Engage

11.1.1.1. Learn the basics

11.1.1.2. Explore the current environment Set objectives

11.1.1.3. Develop the business case Raise awareness

11.1.1.4. Gather support

11.1.1.5. Plan

11.1.2. Plan

11.1.2.1. Create an accessibility policy

11.1.2.2. Review websites

11.1.2.3. Establish a monitoring framework Engage with stakeholders Implement

11.1.2.4. Assign responsibilities

11.1.2.5. Determine budget and resources

11.1.2.6. Review environment

11.1.3. Weave

11.1.3.1. Build skills and expertise Integrate goals into policies

11.1.3.2. Track and communicate progress Sustain

11.1.3.3. Assign tasks and support delivery

11.1.3.4. Evaluate early and regularly Prioritize issues

11.1.4. Sustain

11.1.4.1. Monitor websites

11.1.4.2. Engage with stakeholders

11.1.4.3. Track standards and legislation

11.1.4.4. Adapt to new technologies

11.1.4.5. Incorporate user feedback

11.2. European Agency for Special Needs & Inclusive Education Guidelines

11.2.1. Policy

11.2.1.1. Develop a long-term strategy that recognizes all aspects of disability.

11.2.1.2. Publish an accessibility statement that includes a commitment to make your services and information accessible.

11.2.1.3. Develop a procurement policy that covers accessibility compliance for products and services, including those for information production and dissemination.

11.2.2. Plan

11.2.2.1. Develop an information accessibility plan that is detailed and ambitious, but realistic and covers small steps.

11.2.2.2. Ensure the person or team responsible for the plan has authority and resources.

11.2.3. Practice

11.2.3.1. Conduct a pilot of the Guidelines.

11.2.3.2. Provide awareness training for all staff and how accessibility applies to infor- mation.

11.2.3.3. Provide training for content specialists on tools to make information accessi- ble.

11.2.3.4. Produce style guides and templates.

11.2.3.5. Update work processes to embed information accessibility.

11.2.3.6. Create information using the style guides and templates.

11.2.3.7. Give external providers the Guidelines and requirements for compliance.

11.2.3.8. Conduct accessibility testing before releasing any services or publishing any information.

11.3. The Capability Maturity Model for Software

11.4. Evaluating for Accessibility

11.5. Recruiting and Hiring

11.5.1. Recruiting and Including People with Disabilities

11.5.1.1. Include your organization’s disability inclusion statement in job postings and on the recruitment pages of your website.

11.5.1.2. Posting job openings on disability-focused job boards.

11.5.1.3. Ensure your organization’s recruitment website and all postings are accessible.

11.5.1.4. Promote your organization at disability-focused job fairs.

11.5.1.5. Ensure your facilities are accessible to applicants and employees, and that you provide reasonable accommodations including assistive technologies.

11.5.1.6. Educate all employees, especially managers, on working with employees with disabilities.

11.5.1.7. Ensure hiring and supervising managers understand their obligations for accessibility and the organizational benefits that an employee with disabilities brings to the workplace.

11.5.2. Recruiting People with Digital Accessibility Skills

11.5.2.1. Design using CSS, HTML, and JavaScript

11.5.2.2. Development using frameworks and libraries

11.5.2.3. Accessibility testing using evaluation tools, keyboard testing

11.5.2.4. Ability to use and test with screen reader software

11.5.2.5. Ability to create, test and remediate digital files such as documents and presenta- tions

11.5.2.6. Knowledge of standards such as WCAG 2.1 and PDF / UA

11.6. Communication Management Strategies

11.6.1. Publish accessibility standards for communications.

11.6.2. Provide training to communicators on using people first and plain language.

11.6.3. Ensure the accessibility of any documents published.

11.6.4. Ensure the accessibility of websites and all the media types it contains or refer- ences.

11.6.5. Caption and describe videos and other time-based communications.

11.7. Legal & Public Relations Implications

11.7.1. Recommendations

11.7.1.1. Identify and become familiar with the relevant international, regional, national, and local laws and standards.

11.7.1.2. Assess your organization’s legal liability.

11.7.1.3. Ensure the organization has created and is following an ICT accessibility plan.

11.7.1.4. Ensure the ICT accessibility plan includes documenting how products and ser- vices meet accessibility standards.

11.7.1.5. Capitalize on the positive public relations that accessibility brings your organization.

11.7.2. Procurement Processes

11.7.2.1. Best practices for procuring accessible products and services include: Verifying product accessibility claims.

11.7.2.2. Verifying a vendor’s accessibility expertise and capacity.

11.7.2.3. Requiring product accessibility in contractual agreements.

11.7.2.4. Periodically reviewing a vendor’s product accessibility roadmap for adherence.

11.7.2.5. Leveraging the organization’s procurement policies and requirements to influence vendors.