1. Colloids
1.1. Colligative Properties
1.1.1. Tyndall Effect
1.1.2. Electrophoresis
1.1.3. Colour
1.1.4. Brownian Movement
1.2. Heterogeneous system where one substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) in another substance called dispersion medium.
1.2.1. Purification
1.2.1.1. Dialysis
1.2.1.2. Electro-dialysis
1.2.1.3. Ultrafiltration
1.2.2. Preparation
1.2.2.1. Bredig Arc's Method
1.2.2.2. Peptization
1.2.2.3. Chemical methods
1.2.3. Classification
1.2.3.1. Based on type of particles of dispersed phase
1.2.3.1.1. Multimolecular
1.2.3.1.2. Macromolecular
1.2.3.1.3. Associated
1.2.3.2. Based on nature of interaction
1.2.3.2.1. Lyophilic: liquid loving
1.2.3.2.2. Lyophobic
1.2.3.3. Based on physical state
1.2.3.3.1. Sol: solid in liquid
1.2.3.3.2. Gel: Liquid in solid
1.2.3.3.3. Aerosol: Liquid in gas
2. Applications
2.1. Purification of drinking water; Medicines; Tanning; Cleansing action of soap detergents; Rubber industry; Industrial products
3. Emulsions (liquid in liquid)
3.1. Oil in water: Milk
3.2. Water in oil: Butter
4. Adsorption
4.1. Types
4.1.1. Chemisorption
4.1.1.1. Adsorption when gas molecules or atoms are held to surface by chemical bonds; Highly specific; Irreversible; Increases with increase in surface area; High enthalpy of adsorption.
4.1.2. Physisorption
4.1.2.1. Adsorption when accumulation of gas on the surface of solid occurs due to weak van der Waal's forces; Non specific; Depends on nature of adsorbate; Reversible; Increases with increases in surface area; Low enthalpy of adsorption.
4.2. Features
4.2.1. When ΔH=TΔS, ΔG=0, equilibrium is attained. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS are negative. Extent of adsorption increases with surface area.
4.3. Adsorption Isotherm
4.3.1. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm
4.3.1.1. log x/m= log k + (1/n) log p
4.4. Accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid; Surface phenomenon; Concentration on the surface of adsorbent different from that in bulk.
4.4.1. Adsorbate
4.4.1.1. Molecular species which concentrates at the surface
4.4.2. Adsorbent
4.4.2.1. Material on the surface of which the adsorption takes place
4.4.3. Applications
4.4.3.1. Production of high vacuum, gas masks, control of humidity, separation of gases, chromatography, indicators
4.4.4. Sorption
4.4.4.1. Both adsorption and absorption take place simultaneously