1. It is shaped so refraction will converge the lights from a source to a point
2. Converging Lens
2.1. The shape of the lens determine the focal length
2.2. Trick
2.2.1. 1/O + 1/I = 1/f
2.3. The object distance determine the type of image produced
2.3.1. OD < 1F
2.3.1.1. V, U, E
2.3.2. OD = 1F
2.3.2.1. no convergence
2.3.3. OD between 1F and 2F
2.3.3.1. R, I, D
2.3.4. OD = 2F
2.3.4.1. R, I, same size
2.3.5. OD > 2F
2.3.5.1. R, I, D
2.4. Ray Diagram
2.4.1. Tip to Optical Center
2.4.2. Tip - Horizontal Line - Lens - Focal Point
2.4.3. Parallel Ray - Lens - Some where along Focal Plane
2.4.3.1. Damaged Lens only affect Brightness of Image. No change to ID.
2.5. Sharp image means the image form there. Hint to ID
3. cause by change of speed of light
3.1. n = c/v
3.1.1. use to calculate speed of light in medium
3.1.2. c = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s
3.1.3. n has no unit
3.1.4. n of air or vacuum = 1
3.2. n=true depth/apparent depth
4. telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, spectroscopes, periscopes
5. the greater the diff between n of the 2 mediums, the smaller the crit angle (the easier TIR could occur)
6. speed rise, then bent away from normal
7. Reflection
7.1. Laws of Reflection x 2
7.2. Ray Diagram
7.2.1. Locate Virtual Img by Img Dist = Obj DIst
7.2.1.1. Dist is Perpendicular to Mirror Line
7.2.2. Point of intersection between virtual ray and mirror line IS THE point of reflection
7.2.3. Draw virtual ray from img to observer
7.2.4. Add in solid lines and arrows
8. Refraction
8.1. Snell's law
8.1.1. n sin A = n sin B
8.1.1.1. to get critical angle, set angle in the lower n to 90 degrees
8.1.1.2. Check calculator in degree mode
8.1.1.3. light trapped in higher n medium
8.1.2. n of any other medium MUST > 1
8.2. TIR
8.2.1. happen only if
8.2.1.1. angles are measured from ray to normal
8.2.1.2. light travel from higher n medium to lower n
8.2.1.3. angle i > critical angle
8.2.2. Application
8.2.2.1. optical fibre
8.2.2.2. diamond