1. Independence
1.1. -Independent states were established by 1820s in Latin America
1.1.1. -Social and economic power was intact, the authoritarian tradition was still practiced
1.2. -Legitimacy crisis
1.3. -The failure of European countries was the reason for the victory in American countries.
1.4. Bourbon monarchs
1.4.1. -They implemented political and economic reforms
1.4.2. -The monarchy provoked conflict between the crown and local elites
1.4.3. -The criollos generated resentment
2. The French Revolution And Independence
2.1. -Freedom and equality
2.2. -Toussaint L' Ouverture, brought liberty to Haiti, Haiti was the first independent country in Latin America
2.3. -Napoleon was the catalyst for rebellion in Spain and the Americas
2.4. -Indigenous can also be considered the catalyst
2.4.1. -Radical demands for land reform and indigenous rights, the political thrust
2.4.2. -Outside of Haiti, rebellions against colonial rule by the masses (who were predominantly people of color) did not triumph. Criollos were the key.
2.5. -France became an example of revolution
2.5.1. ARGENTINA, 1806-1810
2.5.1.1. -Example of the capacity of resistance
2.5.1.1.1. -The expulsion of British forces was successful and became a reference for future actions
3. Early Drive for Independence in Hispanic America
3.1. -Mexico (1810-1814) By 1810 a group of criollos, including priest Miguel Hidalgo, began plotting to seize authority in the name of Ferdinand. "grito de Dolores."
3.1.1. Following Hidalgo's death, leadership of the independence forces was taken by Jose Maria Morelos, another priest even more strongly committed to radical social reform, including the end of slavery.
3.2. -In Caracas, a local council expelled the Spanish governors and organized a new government under Ferdinand VII. In Caracas, a local council expelled the Spanish governors and organized a new government under Ferdinand VII.Simon Bolivar.
3.3. -Ferdinand annulled the liberal Spanish constitution of 1812 and reestablished himself as an absolute ruler. The king's return divided criollo leaders, with many concluding that there was no reason to continue their rebellions.
3.4. The Spanish reconquest was short-lived.
3.4.1. -Monarchists throughout Spanish Amer- ica were shocked by the turnabout, which abolished the Inquisition, thus unacceptably weakening the power of the Church. The changes in Spain suddenly altered the climate for independence in both Lima and Mexico City, where the monarchists held sway.
3.4.1.1. -In 1826 Bolivar tried to implement his vision of a united Spanish America by convening the Congress of Panama to begin to implement such a plan. His efforts were not successful,
3.4.2. -Agustin de Iturbide, the Creole commander of the army in Mexico, seized the moment to declare Mexican independence with little bloodshed on September 28, 1821.
4. Brazilian Independence
4.1. -The royal family ended Portugal's commercial monopoly by opening Brazil's ports.
4.2. Independence
4.2.1. -Independence was achieved in Brazil without significant bloodshed and without the develop- ment of a strong military caste.
4.2.2. -The nation also remained united despite some small-scale regional revolts.