1. Examine and explain artist behavior based on their past experiences, and what we may gain by analyzing their implications from their changing environments, as seen through their artworks
1.1. Restorative nostalgia
1.1.1. implies an effort to revive the past – but without acknowledging that the desired and idealized past never existed, therefore it cannot be restored, either
1.2. Reflective nostalgia
1.2.1. aware of the idealizing momentum of the desired past, it reflects critically upon its own desires, and it highlights possibilities in the past regarding the present
1.3. The imaginary, reality, reflection and projection, past and present are constantly present within The artwork. Much like her dual inheritance (moving away from home to another home), she is always traveling between two worlds.)
1.3.1. subject of self-portraits to explore themes of belonging, identity and memory; the work revolves around nostalgia and one’s past. Memory is a form of storytelling and this narrative is vital throughout the artwork. Preoccupied with the idea of home, displacement, memory and loss
2. Attempt to accumulate the combination of the artist’s history/experience/philosophy/physiology/psychology throughout the course of time, resulting in nostalgia
2.1. Explore the order of time and it’s effect on temporal experience
2.1.1. Bergson - Lived experience of time cannot be measured by a physicist (aka Einstein debate vs Bergson)
2.1.1.1. Matter ( e.g. art) itself is an expression of mind and mind is at the essence of everything that exists (e.g. artist’s experience)
2.1.1.2. Qualitative approach of time
2.1.1.3. Psychological time - the past flows into the present as it becomes a part of our memory
2.1.1.4. Duration is not an object of the mind it is not clear or distinct - perception of memory at a later time is a recollection of that perception (e.g. restorative nostalgia?)
2.1.2. Newtonian absolutism - Time is a container for events. Time exists independently even if we remove objects and bodies
2.1.3. Kantonian - Time is a condition of thought, we cannot help but perceive the world temporarily
2.1.4. ‘Ricoeur finds a 'healthy circle' between time and narrative: time is humanized to the extent that it portrays temporal experience.’
2.1.4.1. Ricoeur proposes a theoretical model of this circle using Augustine's theory of time and Aristotle's theory of plot and, further, develops an original thesis of the mimetic function of narrative
2.1.5. Augustine suggests that time is present in, and measured by, the mind. The past and future are in the mind. In our consciousness the past and the future have a being of sorts. The past and future have a sort of being in so far as the past is remembered and the future is anticipated
2.1.5.1. time seen as a phenomenon of human consciousness, suggests that time is present in the human mind
2.1.5.2. We carry within our minds the past. Memory, thus, plays an important role in Augustine’s psychological account of time
2.2. the tendency for a given action to be perpetuated or inhibited is influenced not only by the nature of the consequences ('effects') of that action but also by the temporal order, or timing, of these consequences." Analysis of integration and integration-failure is carried over into human behavior.
2.3. The adventure of the term nostalgia in the 17th and 18th centuries should be studied in the spirit of these centuries. After all, in these centuries, the 18th century specifically, are the centuries in which the Enlightenment emerged and intensified, and the concepts and symptoms were studied within the limits of positivist reason. The word, therefore, was examined through the concepts of physics and physiology.’
2.3.1. Time is objective but it is also subjective to each individual consciousness and it cannot be prevented from transitioning towards the future, the nature of time is consistent and it is the determinant of events, displacement of individuals, a freight train into modernity, leaving behind the minds that chose to stay and delved within the fleeting present and into their past nostalgia) (Memory is the method in which the human consciousness records time)
3. Explore artists’ historical experiences and the causation would be the essence of nostalgia, apparent within their works
3.1. in contemporary culture and society, nostalgia, as a phenomenon, is connected to social and cultural changes in the background, as American cultural critic Fredric Jameson (1991) has noted. The contemporary human being, unable to live his life within the coherence of time and space because of the time-space compression in which he lives, turns his eyes to the past to construct shelters for himself
3.2. examine nostalgia as one of the important elements that reflect the changes and which reveals a fundamental crisis, modernity crisis in contemporary culture and society.’
3.2.1. contemporary social crisis which is based on what Hutcheon (2013) has called in a different context, “cultural amnesia, inability to engage in active remembrance” because of the collapse of integrated experience and the temporal index in modern societies