1. 8. Adverbs
1.1. original
1.2. case adverbs
1.2.1. **-lt** from ablative form
1.2.2. locative forms (to where? where? from where?)
1.2.3. other adverbs with case endings
1.3. adverbs with various suffixes
1.3.1. **-sti** many adverbs are formed from adjectives by using this ending. It is used to indicate the way in which something is carried out.
1.3.2. **-ti** this suffix indicates both time and manner
1.3.2.1. esmespaevi-**ti** iga esmespaev every monday
1.3.3. **-li**
1.3.4. **-ldi**
1.3.5. **-kesi**
1.3.6. **-vel,-il**
1.4. comparitive
1.4.1. **-lt** -> **-malt**
1.4.2. **-sti**-> **-mini**
2. Linguistic
2.1. gradational when the word changes between 1st and 2nd form
2.2. syllable a single segment of uninterrupted sound
2.3. polymorphism
2.4. agglutinative
3. Sentence Structure
3.1. Word Order
3.1.1. SVO (En)
3.1.2. adjective precedes noun (En)
3.1.3. adverb of time preceeds adverb of place (!En)
3.2. Questions
3.2.1. Yes-no-questions
3.2.1.1. kas
3.2.1.1.1. küll
3.2.1.1.2. jah
3.2.1.1.3. ei
3.2.1.2. VSO
3.2.1.2.1. oled sa kodus?
3.2.2. Interrogatives
3.3. SIDESÖNAD Conunctions
3.3.1. Coordinating Conjunctions
3.3.1.1. Cumulative Conjunctions
3.3.1.1.1. Ja:And
3.3.1.1.2. Ning:And
3.3.1.1.3. ja...ning: and and and ...
3.3.1.1.4. Nii...kui ka...:Both...and...
3.3.1.1.5. Mitte ainult...vaid ka...:Not only...but also...
3.3.1.1.6. Samuit:As well
3.3.1.1.7. Same...Kui:As...as
3.3.1.2. Adversative Conjunctions
3.3.1.2.1. Aga:But
3.3.1.2.2. Kuid:But
3.3.1.2.3. Vaid:Only though rather, on the contrary
3.3.1.2.4. Ent:Yet
3.3.1.2.5. Sel ajal kui:While
3.3.1.3. Disjunctive conjunctions
3.3.1.3.1. Või:Or
3.3.1.3.2. Ega:Nor
3.3.1.3.3. Kas...või:Either...or
3.3.1.3.4. Ei...Ega...:Niether...Nor...
3.3.1.4. Illative Conjunctions
3.3.1.4.1. Seega:Thus/So
3.3.1.4.2. Kuna:For
3.3.2. Subordinating Conjunctions
3.3.2.1. Vaatamata sellele et:Although
3.3.2.2. Sest:Because
3.3.2.3. Sellepärast et: Because of
3.3.2.4. Isege kui:Even if
3.3.2.5. Juhul kui: In case
3.3.2.6. Kuigi:Though
3.3.2.7. Kui:If/When
3.3.2.8. Niipea kui: As soon as
3.3.2.9. Niikaua kui: As long as
3.3.2.10. Nii et: So that
3.3.2.11. Kuni:Until
3.3.2.12. Et:That
3.3.2.13. Enne kui:Before
3.3.2.14. Kuna: Since
3.4. negative sentences Eitavad
3.4.1. verbs
3.4.1.1. ära
3.4.1.2. ei
3.4.1.2.1. ei oleme
3.4.1.2.2. pole, polnud
3.4.2. other parts
3.4.2.1. mitte
3.4.2.1.1. before nouns,adjectives...
3.4.2.1.2. anwerting questions mitte keegi
3.4.2.1.3. continuing question või mitte
4. Nouns
4.1. Plural
4.1.1. Genitive Singular + **-d**
4.1.2. Nominative adjective follows
4.1.3. Genetive only
4.1.3.1. kaks
4.1.3.2. par
4.1.3.3. mintu
4.2. Diminutives
4.2.1. Genetive Singular + **-kene/ke**
4.2.2. adjective does not follow
4.3. Derivatives
4.3.1. People
4.3.1.1. **-ja** this suffix is added to the stem of the verb's -ma infinitive and indicates the agent of the verb's action, as well as an occupation
4.3.1.2. **-ur** this signifies someone whose job or habit it is to do something.
4.3.1.3. **-nik** this indicates a person with some kind of constant employment or and enduring situation.
4.3.1.4. **-lane** this indicates a person of a certain nationality, residence or occupation.
4.3.1.5. **-nna**, **-tar** these indicate either the female counterpart or the wife of the man which the root word describes.
4.3.2. Action or result of the action
4.3.2.1. **-mine**: this is added to the of the verb's -ma infinitive and indicates the action of the verb in the most general sense. It corresponds to -ing in English.
4.3.2.2. **-us**: this indicates an action or the result of an action and is added to a verb stem.
4.3.2.3. **-is**: indicates the result of an action.
4.3.2.4. **-e**: ma-verb to noun derviative
4.3.3. Abstract Concepts
4.3.3.1. **-us**: this is added to an adjective stem.
4.3.3.2. **-dus**: same as above?
4.3.4. Place,Group,Area
4.3.4.1. **-la,-stick** => Noun Derviative
4.3.4.2. **-kond** => same as above?
5. Pronouns
5.1. Personal Pronouns
5.2. Reflexive Prounouns
5.2.1. ise = (one)self
5.2.2. oma = posession
5.3. Reciprocal Pronouns
5.3.1. üksteise 'each other's' (of more than two people)
5.3.2. teineteise 'each other's' (of two people).
5.4. Demonstrative pronouns
5.4.1. Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to something specific within a sentence.
5.5. Interrogative-relative
5.5.1. Interrogative-relative pronouns are those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause or those which introduce a question.
5.6. Indefinite
5.6.1. Indefinite pronouns refer to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places.
6. 5. VERBS [tegusõna]
6.1. Tenses
6.1.1. Olevik - Present
6.1.2. Lihtminevik - Imperfect Past Simple The simple past is derived from the **-ma** infinitive by adding an element between the stem and the suffix which identifies the person doing the action. There are two different ways: exceptional verbs https://www.keeletee.ee/en/lesson/7/2/24
6.1.2.1. **-si-**
6.1.2.1.1. When the stem ends in a consonant, an **-i-** is inserted before the **-s** ending of the 3rd person singular. This makes it easier to pronounce.
6.1.2.1.2. If the stem has a single **p** or **t** after a short vowel, the 3rd person singular form doubles this consonant.
6.1.2.1.3. If the stem already ends in **-s**, the **s** in the past is omitted. (Except the 3rd person singular, where an **-i-** is also inserted.)
6.1.2.2. **-i-**
6.1.2.2.1. Some verbs with two-syllable stems ending in **-e-**
6.1.2.2.2. Some verbs with stems ending in **aa**, **ää**, **oo**, **öö**. In these cases, the double vowel becomes a single vowel and oo or **öö** changes to **õ**.
6.1.2.3. negative form
6.1.2.3.1. ei **da** infinitive ~>**-nud**
6.1.3. Täisminevik - Present Perfect
6.1.3.1. olema **-nud**
6.1.3.2. negative form
6.1.3.2.1. ei ole **-nud**
6.1.3.2.2. pole **-nud**
6.1.4. Enneminevik - Past Perfect
6.1.4.1. olema past (oli) **-nud**
6.1.4.2. negative form
6.1.4.2.1. ei olnud **-nud**
6.1.4.2.2. polnud **-nud**
6.2. Infinitives
6.2.1. ma infinitive
6.2.1.1. usage
6.2.1.1.1. after verbs of motion
6.2.1.1.2. after certain other verbs
6.2.1.1.3. after certain adjectives or participles
6.2.1.2. **-ma**
6.2.1.2.1. -ma infinitive form is usually used to express actions that will take place after the other action.
6.2.1.2.2. used with
6.2.1.3. mas,mast,maks,mata,tama TODO
6.2.2. da infinitive
6.2.2.1. usage
6.2.2.1.1. After verbs expressing wish, intention, possibility:
6.2.2.1.2. after verbs that express a feeling or emotion
6.2.2.1.3. after impersonal expressions
6.2.2.2. **-da**,**-ta**,**-a**
6.2.2.2.1. used with
6.2.2.3. **-des**, **-test**, **-a**
6.2.2.3.1. two actions taking place at the same time
6.3. Participle
6.3.1. present **-v** participle
6.3.1.1. The present participle is used as an adjective, like the English -ing form. E.g kasvav tüdruk 'a growing girl'. It may also be translated as a relative cause. E.g 'a girl who is growing'
6.3.2. **-nud** participle
6.3.2.1. The -nud participle is used for forming the negative past, present perfect and past perfect tenses. In some instances, it may also be used as an adjective, like in English.
6.3.3. **-tud** participle
6.3.3.1. The -tud participle corresponds to the past participle in English, which usually ends in -ed, -en or -t. In both Estonian and English, this form can be used as an adjective that describes what has happened to a noun. E.g haavatud sõdur 'wounded soldier'; keelatud vili 'forbidden fruit'
6.4. Mood
6.4.1. Kindel - Indicative
6.4.2. Tingiv - Conditional
6.4.2.1. description
6.4.2.1.1. The conditional mood indicates that, according to the speaker, the event is unreal and its realization is dependent upon another condition. It can also be used for making commands more polite. It corresponds to expressions with 'would' in English.
6.4.2.2. usage
6.4.2.2.1. *kui* ma olek-**si**-n ulikooli sisse saa-**nud**, *siis* ma ole-**ksi**-n oppi-**nud** ajalugu
6.4.2.2.2. Ülemus ütles mulle: "Tule homme hiljem tööle!" Ülemus ütles mulle, et m tule-**ks** homme hiljem tööle
6.4.2.3. formation from verb marker
6.4.2.3.1. present conditional
6.4.2.3.2. past conditional
6.4.3. Käskiv - Imperative
6.4.3.1. formation
6.4.3.1.1. formal from **-da** infinitive
6.4.3.1.2. informal
6.4.4. Kaudne - Oblique
6.4.4.1. Description
6.4.4.1.1. The present participle is used as an adjective, like the English -ing form. E.g kasvav tüdruk 'a growing girl'. It may also be translated as a relative cause. E.g 'a girl who is growing'
6.4.4.2. usage
6.4.4.3. Formation from **-ma** infinitive
6.4.4.3.1. present oblique
6.4.4.3.2. past perfect
6.4.5. Möönev - Jussive
6.4.5.1. description
6.4.5.1.1. The jussive, similarly to the imperative, expresses orders, commands, exhortations, but particularly to a third person not present.
6.4.5.2. formation
6.4.5.2.1. The jussive mode has evolved from the 3rd person imperative form of the verb. It has also two markers **-ku** and **-gu** which are added to the stem of the -da infinitive.
6.5. Voices
6.5.1. Personal (Active in ENG)
6.5.1.1. -n
6.5.2. Impersonal (Passive in ENG)
6.5.2.1. What makes impersonal voice different from passive is that the main purpose is to make the subject impersonal (instead of emphasizing the object).
6.5.2.2. Present
6.5.2.2.1. **-akse**, **-dakse**, **-takse** The present impersonal verb form is one of the four basic forms of an Estonian verb, which means that it can't be constructed from any other stems but has to be memorized. .
6.5.2.2.2. negative
6.5.2.3. Past
6.5.2.3.1. The simple past is formed by replacing the ending of the **-tud/-dud** participle with **-ti/-di**
6.5.2.3.2. negative
6.5.3. Stative Passive
6.5.3.1. **-tud** ( expresses the state that the object has reached as a result of the action.)
7. **6. ADJECTIVES** Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing. In a sentence, they can act as a modifier or a predicative. While in English an adjective doesn’t change when the noun changes, in Estonian an adjective should agree in number with the noun. Also, in 10 cases out of 14 the adjective has to be declined accordingly.
7.1. Derivatives
7.1.1. 1) References to material, place, time, manner
7.1.1.1. **-ne** This derivative suffix is added to a noun or adverb and corresponds to -en, -ful, -y in English
7.1.2. 2) Different Charactersitics
7.1.2.1. **-line** This is usually added to the genitive form of a noun.
7.1.2.2. **-lik** mainly added to the noun
7.1.2.3. **-kas** added to the genitive form the of the noun
7.1.3. 3) Lack of certain traits
7.1.3.1. **-tu** This is added to the genitive form of the noun or to the -ma infinitive of the verb.
7.2. Comparative
7.2.1. Positive
7.2.2. Compatitve
7.2.2.1. In Estonian, the comparative is constructed by adding the suffix **-m** to the genitive form
7.2.2.2. Some adjectives, which have two syllables in the genitive form and end in **-a** or **-u** change to **-e-** instead before the comparative ending **-m**.
7.2.2.3. Adjectives that end in **-ke(ne)** usually lose this suffix and have the vowel **-e-** before the **-m** ending.
7.2.2.4. **-lik** becomes **-liku**-m **-line** becomes **-lise**-m **-kas** becomes **-ka**-m
7.2.3. Superlative
7.2.3.1. The superlative is formed by simply placing the word **kõige** 'most' before the comparative.
7.2.3.2. In addition to the superlative form with kõige, for some adjectives there is an alternative form with the ending **-im** or **-em**.
8. 7. Preposition & Postpositition only have 3 forms
8.1. Prepositions
8.1.1. with genetive case
8.1.2. with partitive case
8.1.3. with other cases
8.2. Postposititions
8.2.1. with genitive case
8.2.2. with other cases
9. Counting
9.1. Numbers
9.1.1. Põhiarvud (cardinal): amount
9.1.1.1. kokku
9.1.1.1.1. kumned ja sajad
9.1.1.2. lahku
9.1.1.2.1. tuhanded, miljonid
9.1.1.3. uks, kaks...
9.1.2. järgarvud (ordinal): tells position
9.1.2.1. esimine, teine, kolmas....
10. 4.14 Cases (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers)
10.1. 1) Nominative *Nimetav* mis, kes?
10.1.1. Description
10.1.1.1. The nominative singular case (ainsuse nimetav kääne in Estonian) answers the questions kes? 'who?', mis? 'what?', milline? (or missugune?) 'what kind?'.
10.1.1.2. Is is mainly used for subjects of sentences and predicate complements.
10.1.2. Plural
10.1.2.1. **-d**
10.2. 2) Genitive *Omastav*
10.2.1. Description
10.2.1.1. The genitive case answers the questions kelle? 'whose, belonging to whom?' and mille? 'belonging to what?'. As in English, the possessive word comes before the object possessed.
10.2.1.2. The genitive case (omastav kääne in Estonian) is one of the basic case forms. It is used first and foremost to indicate the possessor or owner of something. In English, this would be indicated by adding 's to the end of a word: man's, child's, etc.
10.2.1.3. Estonian uses the genitive in many cases where English uses the preposition 'of''.
10.2.1.4. Two genitive forms can stand side by side. The adjective that modifies a noun must also be in the genitive case.
10.2.2. Formation
10.2.2.1. Word ending with a consonant
10.2.2.1.1. A word ending with a consonant in the nominative singular will always end with one of four vowels (a,e,i,u) in the genitive singular.
10.2.2.2. Word ending with a vowel
10.2.2.2.1. A word ending with a vowel in the nominative singular usually keeps the same vowel (the word remains the same).
10.2.2.3. Words ending with **-ne**
10.2.2.3.1. Most words ending with **-ne** in the nominative singular take the ending **-se** in the genitive singular.
10.2.2.4. Foreign names
10.2.2.4.1. Foreign names ending in a consonant usually take the ending **-i** in the genitive singular.
10.2.2.4.2. Foreign names ending in **-s** sometimes take the ending **-e** in the genitive singular.
10.2.3. Plural from partitive singular
10.2.3.1. **-de**
10.2.3.1.1. If the partitive singular ends with a vowel, the genitive plural has the ending **-de**, which is added to the partitive singular form.
10.2.3.1.2. If the partitive singular ends in **-d**, the genitive plural has a **-de** ending in place of this **-d**.
10.2.3.2. **-te**
10.2.3.2.1. If the partitive singular ends in **-t**, this **-t** is replaced by the suffix **-te** in the genitive plural.
10.3. 3) Partitive *Osastav* root for most plurals
10.3.1. Description
10.3.1.1. The partitive case (osastav kääne in Estonian) answers the questions keda? 'whom?' and mida? 'what?'. In it's basic meaning, it indicates an indeterminate whole, of which only a part is under consideration. For example. klaas vett 'a glass of (some) water', tükk leiba 'a piece of (some) bread', etc.
10.3.2. Used In
10.3.2.1. 1) after words of quantity
10.3.2.2. 2) for the partial object
10.3.2.3. 3) for the partial subject
10.3.2.4. 4) for the predicate complement, when indicating the group or type which the subject belongs to.
10.3.2.5. 5) quite a few prepositions require the partitive case after them
10.3.3. Formation
10.3.3.1. **-d** After a double vowel or diphthong, the partitive singular ends in -d. This is added directly to the nominative form (which in these cases is the same as the genitive form).
10.3.3.2. **-t**
10.3.3.2.1. When the partitive singular is formed with the -t suffix, it is usually added to the genitive form.
10.3.3.2.2. In certain cases the -e at the end of the genitive stem may be dropped before adding -t in the partitive case.
10.3.3.2.3. For some words that end in -l, -n, -r, -s the suffix -t is added directly onto the nominative form.
10.3.3.3. Vowel Endings: **-e**, **-i**, **u**
10.3.4. Plural
10.3.4.1. **-id** The ending -id (-aid, -eid, -uid, -äid, -öid) is used for most one-syllable words which end in a long vowel. It is also used for some words with two or more syllables.
10.3.4.2. **-sid** The ending -sid is used for two-syllable words which have a short vowel in the first syllable and end in a short vowel. It is also used for words with the feminine suffix -nna.
10.3.4.3. Vowel Endings TODO
10.4. Inner Locative
10.4.1. 4) Illative *Sisseütlev * kuhu? kellesse? millesse?
10.4.1.1. Description
10.4.1.1.1. The illative usually corresponds to the English preposition 'to' or 'into' but may occur in expressions that have other meanings:
10.4.1.1.2. The illative case (sisseütlev kääne in Estonian) indicates the space or the object into which a motion occurs. The illative answers the questions kuhu? 'where to? whither?', kellesse? 'into whom?' and millesse? 'into what?'.
10.4.1.2. Formation
10.4.1.2.1. **-sse**
10.4.1.2.2. **-se**
10.4.1.2.3. short illative
10.4.2. 5) Inessive *Seesütlev * kus? kelles? milles?
10.4.2.1. Description
10.4.2.1.1. The inessive usually corresponds to the English prepositions 'in' and 'inside' but sometimes it may be translated in other ways.
10.4.2.1.2. The inessive case (seesütlev kääne in Estonian) indicates location inside a space or object. It answers the questions kus? 'where?', kelles? 'in(side) whom?', milles? 'in(side) what?'.
10.4.2.2. Formation from genetive form
10.4.2.2.1. **-s**
10.4.3. 6) Elative *Seestütlev* kust? kellest? millest?
10.4.3.1. Description
10.4.3.1.1. The elative case (seestütlev kääne in Estonian) indicates coming out of the space or object. It answers the questions kust? 'where from?', kellest? '(out) of whom?', millest? '(out) of what?'.
10.4.3.1.2. In addition to the basic meaning 'out of', it can be used in other instances as well.
10.4.3.2. Formation from genetive form
10.4.3.2.1. **-st**
10.5. Outer Locative Estonian has three outer locative cases, which like the inner locative cases, answer the questions where to? where? where from? The outer locative cases indicate location or movement in relation to the surface or the environment of something Floors
10.5.1. 7) Allative *Aleütlev * kuhu? kellele? millele? kusagi-**le**, kuski-**le**, **kuhu**-gi
10.5.1.1. Description
10.5.1.1.1. 1) The allative indicates the object onto the surface of which a movement occurs. It answers the questions kuhu? 'where to?', kellele? 'on(to) whom?' and millele? 'on(to) what?'.
10.5.1.1.2. The allative (alaleütlev kääne in Estonian) indicates movement toward something.
10.5.1.1.3. 2) The allative indicates the person to whom one gives or says something. It answers the questions kellele? 'to whom?' and millele? 'to what?'.
10.5.1.2. Formation from genetive form
10.5.1.2.1. **le**
10.5.2. 8 ) Adessive *Alalütlev* kus? kellel? millel? kusagi-**l**, kuski-**l**
10.5.2.1. Description
10.5.2.1.1. The adessive is often used in expressions of time. In many cases, the English equivalent would rather involve the preposition 'in' instead of 'on'.
10.5.2.1.2. In its basic sense, the adessive indicates the object on the surface of which something is found. It answers the questions kus? 'where (at)?', kellel? 'on (top of) whom?' and millel? 'on (top of) what?'.
10.5.2.1.3. Another special use is to indicate possession or ownership of something. Estonian lacks a verb which would be the exact counterpart of 'to have' in English. Instead, it uses the adessive case and on 'is/are' (from the verb olema 'to be'). In the negative, ei ole or pole is used.
10.5.2.2. Formation from genetiv
10.5.2.2.1. **-l**
10.5.3. 9) Ablative *Alaltütlev* kust? kellelt? millelt? kusagi-**lt**, kuski-**lt**
10.5.3.1. Description
10.5.3.1.1. Usecase
10.5.3.1.2. The ablative case (alaltütlev kääne in Estonian) indicates movement off or away from something.
10.5.3.2. Formation
10.5.3.2.1. **-lt**
10.6. 10) Translative *saav* kelleks? milleks?
10.6.1. Description
10.6.1.1. The translative case (saav kääne in Estonian) indicates what someone or something is turning into. It answers the questions kelleks? 'becoming whom?' and milleks? 'becoming what?'.
10.6.1.2. Usecase
10.6.1.2.1. 1) in conjunction with the verbs tegema 'to make', olema 'to be' and lugema or pidama in the sense of 'to consider (as)', in expressions of this sort
10.6.1.2.2. 2) to indicate the purpose or goal of the action of a verb
10.6.1.2.3. 3) to indicate the time during which or by which something occurs. Here the translative case answers the questions kui kauaks? 'for how long?' and mis ajaks? 'by when?'.
10.6.1.2.4. 4) to indicate the order in which something occurs.
10.6.2. Formation
10.6.2.1. **-ks**
10.7. 11) Terminative *Rajav * kelleni? milleni? mis ajani?
10.7.1. Description
10.7.1.1. The terminative case (rajav kääne in Estonian) indicates the time or place which ends or limits an action. It answers the questions kelleni? 'as far as who?', milleni? 'as far as what?' and mis ajani? 'until when?'.
10.7.1.2. The terminative often occurs together with the elative case (ending -st) which indicates the starting point of an action.
10.7.1.3. Usecase
10.7.1.3.1. The terminative is often used with the preposition kuni 'until, up to, as far as'.
10.7.2. Formation from genetive form
10.7.2.1. **-ni**
10.8. 12) Essive *olev * kellena? millena?
10.8.1. Description
10.8.1.1. The essive case (olev kääne in Estonian) indicates in what capacity or form something/someone performs an action. It answers the questions kellena? 'as who?' and millena? 'as what?'.
10.8.2. Formation
10.8.2.1. **-na**
10.9. 13) Abessive *ilmaütlev * kelleta? milleta?
10.9.1. Description
10.9.1.1. The abessive (ilmaütlev kääne in Estonian) answers the questions kelleta? 'without whom?' and milleta? 'without what?'.
10.9.1.2. Usecase
10.9.1.2.1. It is often used with the preposition **ilma** which also means 'without'.
10.9.2. Formation
10.9.2.1. **-ta**
10.9.2.2. ilma W1 *2nd* ja A *2nd* W2 *2nd* , A W3-**ta**
10.10. 14) Comitative *kaasaütlev * kellega? millega?
10.10.1. Description
10.10.1.1. The comitative case (kaasaütlev kääne in Estonian) answers the questions kellega? 'with whom?' and millega? 'with what?'.
10.10.2. Formation
10.10.2.1. **-ga**
10.10.2.2. A *2nd* N-**ga**
10.11. Plural Declension
10.11.1. Adjectives in the plural are declined in the same way as in the singular - they usually take the same forms as the nouns they modify. Only for the last four case forms, the adjective remains in the genitive form, whereas the noun takes the -ni, -na, -ta, -ga ending.
10.11.2. When two or more plural nouns are mentioned in a series, the case endings for the comitative and abessive are usually added only to the last noun (like in the singular).