1. Chapter 8
2. Chapter 9
3. Chapter 10
4. Chapter 11
5. Chapter 12
6. Chapter 13
7. Chapter 14
8. Chapter 15
9. Chapter 1
9.1. Surveying
9.1.1. measuring and mapping the land to understand and make the most of the unique landscape and construct accurately
9.2. Clearing and Grubbing
9.2.1. removing all obstructions, shrubbery and trees from the construction site
9.3. Mobilization
9.3.1. (move-in or move-out the construction equipment)
9.4. Earthwork
9.4.1. (Excavation, Backfilling and Grading)
9.5. Structure
9.5.1. (construction of foundations, columns, beams and slabs)
9.6. Partitioning
9.6.1. (Masonry block, gypsum board, aluminum board, wood boards…)
9.7. Basic HVAC installation
9.7.1. (Pipes, tubes and/or ducts)
9.8. Basic Sanitary installation
9.8.1. (supply water pipes, wastewater and drainage pipes, bathtubs)
9.9. Basic Electrical installation
9.9.1. (supply water pipes, wastewater and drainage pipes, bathtubs)
9.10. Wooden Doors and Windows Phase I
9.10.1. (Frames or boxes around the openings)
9.11. Roof Tiling
9.11.1. (Red tiling on top of roofs, on a wooden or steel skeleton)
9.12. Iron and steelwork
9.12.1. (Stair & Balcony Handrail, Iron Window/door protection, steel window/doors)
9.13. Plastering
9.13.1. (sand and cement plaster )
9.14. Stone Cladding on facades
9.15. Floor Tiling
9.15.1. (Terrazzo, ceramic/porcelain or rock tiling)
9.16. Aluminum (or PVC) Windows and Doors (on Exterior walls) (Complete installation)
9.17. Wooden Doors and Windows - Phase II
9.17.1. (Installation of doors & windows)
9.18. Painting - Phase I
9.18.1. (Wall scraping, Undercoat (Sealer Type), application of paste-filler, or Primer Coat, 2 or 3 coats of paint)
9.19. Floor Tile Scrubbing and Shining
9.19.1. (Changing 7 different types of rock roughness from rough to very soft to obtain a mirror-like smooth surface)
9.20. HVAC installation - Phase II
9.20.1. (installing the radiators, all units and components, air grilles)
9.21. Wooden Doors and Windows Phase III
9.21.1. (Installation of casings)
9.22. Sanitary installation - Phase II
9.22.1. (Hardware Installation: lavatories, kitchen sinks, gutters, drain & cleanout covers)
9.23. Electrical installation - Phase II
9.23.1. (Hardware Installation)
9.24. Painting - Phase II
9.24.1. (Finish coats: brush or rolled-on paint)
9.25. Finishing
9.25.1. (Lamps, door knobs, handles, retouching, cleaning)
10. Chapter 2
10.1. Soil study
10.1.1. Determine the nature of soil
10.1.1.1. Choose the type of foundation
10.1.2. Geological risks
10.1.2.1. - Landslides - Floodings - Settlements (For example, clay is susceptible to differential settlements more than rocks during winter ).
10.1.3. The excavation of organic soil involves the removal of peat (tourbes), black soils , organic materials, and any soil of weak capacity.
10.2. Planning
10.2.1. Locate underground installations, (gaz pipes, water pipes,…, so as not to cause any damage to these pipes
10.2.2. If there are neighboring constructions (buildings, …)
10.2.3. For traffic lanes: During work, no vehicles shall park or travel within 3 meters of the top of the walls unless reinforcement and shoring are installed according to the plans and specifications of an engineer.
10.3. Shoring
10.3.1. Shoring is used to resist the lateral earth pressure and the water pressure.
10.3.1.1. We use a prefabricated metal shoring (trench box) based on the manufacturer’s technical characteristics for the maximum depth of use.
10.3.1.2. We build a solid shoring using good materials
10.3.2. We do not have to use shoring
10.3.2.1. If the rock is strong enough, and there is no danger of detachment or sliding of rock blocks
10.3.2.2. If no worker goes down into the excavation
10.3.3. Need of shoring
10.3.3.1. The soil tends to collapse
10.3.3.1.1. There is a risk of collapse of the walls of the excavation when the strength of the ground is not great enough to resist all the applied forces.
10.3.3.2. Angle of Repose
10.3.3.2.1. The critical angle of repose of a soil is the maximum angle measured with respect to the horizontal plan, according to which an excavation remains stable without any sliding.
10.3.4. Risk of collapse
10.3.4.1. 1- Presence of underground water 2- Duration of works 3- Depth of excavation 4- Vibrations produced in the soil 5- Slope of the excavation
10.3.4.1.1. Presence of water
10.4. Types of excavations
10.4.1. Horizontal excavation
10.4.1.1. Techniques of excavation in shallow sites
10.4.2. Vertical excavation
10.4.2.1. Deeper excavations near neighboring buildings
10.5. Equipments used for excavation
10.5.1. For excavation works
10.5.1.1. Excavators
10.5.1.1.1. -Excavators: refer to industrial machines used to dig the soil from the surface
10.5.1.1.2. Wheeled excavator/ Power shovel excavator
10.5.1.2. Excavator backhoe
10.5.1.2.1. Excavator with a bucket forward to lift
10.5.1.2.2. Excavator with a hoe back to dig
10.5.1.3. Dragline excavator
10.5.1.3.1. Much larger in size and slightly different than the previous type
10.5.1.3.2. Can damage asphalt roads or cause maneuvering problems during the transportation to excavation sites
10.5.1.4. Suction excavators
10.5.1.4.1. Use a suction hose that suks the soil and debris
10.5.1.5. excavator with long arm
10.5.1.5.1. Mainly used for marine excavation works
10.5.1.6. jackhammer
10.5.1.6.1. Mainly used for destruction / demolition tasks such as breaking walls
10.5.1.7. Compact excavators (miniexcavator)
10.5.1.7.1. Mini excavators are lightweight excavating machines that can be used for a wide range of applications, such as lifting materials, pipes installation, demolitions, landscaping.
10.5.1.8. Power Shovel
10.5.1.8.1. Used in excavation such as mining and digging
10.6. Equipments for the transport of materials
10.6.1. Tombereau (bottom dump truck)
10.6.1.1. Intended to transport a material: soil, straw, rubble…
10.6.1.2. Its body can be tilted backwards to empty the load
10.6.2. Trailer tipper
10.6.2.1. Can be attached to any type of vehicle
10.6.3. Articulated trucks
10.6.3.1. Same function as bottom dump truck, but the advantage of these trucks is their ability to travel on bad grounds.
10.7. How to estimate the quantity of soil to excavate
10.7.1. The soil is disturbed during excavation, its volume increases
10.7.1.1. Soil swelling and shrinkage follows a predictable pattern depending on soil type
10.7.1.1.1. Soil Data Table Swelling Factors Excavated & Loose Soil Type ( Soil condition is compacted, sol chargé) Sand 1.15 Sandy –Loam 1.2 Clay-Loam 1.3 Clay 1.35 Shrinkage Factors Normal Shrinkage Soil Type ( Soil condition is loose, sol lâche) Sand 1.18 Sandy –Loam 1.23 Clay-Loam 1.43 Clay 1.48
10.8. Embankment (fill)
10.8.1. Replace the same excavated soil
10.8.1.1. But not if it is a poor soil
10.8.1.1.1. If volumes of swelling clays are removed during excavation, the best solution is to use granular backfill with external drainage system
10.8.1.1.2. Also, avoid backfilling with soil full of roots, tree branches, … This is because these materials will not compact well, and will contain a lot of water, even if the slope of the ground is steep enoughto lead water away from buildings.
10.8.2. Importance of compaction
10.8.2.1. The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce subsequent settlement under working loads.
10.8.2.2. Compaction increases the strength of the soil.
10.8.2.3. Compaction can prevent the build up of large water pressures that cause soil to liquefy during earthquakes.
10.8.2.4. Compaction reduces the voids ratio making it more difficult for water to flow through soil. This is important if the soil is being used to retain water such as would be required for an earth dam.
10.9. Road excavation
10.9.1. The construction of the plateforme, which is a part of the excavation of a road, consists of realisation of fills and cuts of natural ground, and of executing a structural layer named: Base and sub-base coarse
10.9.2. Fills can be done using several techniques: • The technique of granular borrowing: use of granular materials from ballast or quarries.
10.10. Compaction equipment
10.10.1. Sheepsfoot roller
10.10.2. Pneumatic-tired roller
10.10.3. Vibrating steel-wheeled roller
10.10.4. Segmented-steel-wheel roller
10.10.5. Portable impact or tamper
10.11. Types of soils and their compaction
10.11.1. Granular soils
10.11.1.1. Granular soils are easier to compact with vibrating plates and rollers The most efficient way to compact granular soils is to apply a vibrating energy to the material.
10.11.1.1.1. The vibrating pulses penetrate the soil and create a movement between soil particles.
10.11.2. Cohesive soils
10.11.2.1. It is necessary to apply an impact force to remove trapped air and excess moisture from a cohesive soil.
10.11.2.1.1. Due to the nature of coherent soils, machines like pestle cause an impact or shear force required for compaction.
10.12. Asphalt compaction
10.12.1. Rolling of asphalt is typically made up of three consecutive phases: initial, intermediate and finishing rolling.
10.12.1.1. Initial rolling permits to obtain the required density.
10.12.1.2. Intermediate rolling densifies and closes the surface.
10.12.1.3. Finishing rolling eliminates the marks of the roller or other tasks left behind by the previous runs.
10.12.1.4. Vibrating steel-wheeled rollers (2 drums) are the most used rollers for compacting asphalt.
10.13. Stabilization Methods
10.13.1. Rip-rap protection
10.13.1.1. Rip-rap protection on the face of the slope, with broken stones
10.13.1.1.1. Rip-rap protection with sand-cement bags (paper/cloth bags filled with sand and cement).
10.13.2. Articulated concrete block
10.13.2.1. Articulated concrete block (masonry blocks interconnected with steel cables) that allows water seepage and articulates with soil profile
10.13.3. High strength fabrics
10.13.3.1. High strength fabrics filled with pumped concrete Filter point mat with weep holes for drainage (Articulating block mat)
10.13.4. Reinforcing geo-grids
10.13.4.1. Reinforcing geo-grids ( Geological Grid of Polyethylene plastic material) (Tensar)
10.13.5. Gabion
10.13.5.1. Gabion (rectangular baskets stacked on top of each other) [steep stacking method
10.13.6. Soil nailing
10.13.6.1. Soil nailing is an in-situ (on the site) reinforcing of the soil while it is excavated from the top down
10.13.6.2. Soil nailing is an earth retention technique using grouted tension-resisting steel elements (nails) that can be design for permanent or temporary support.
10.13.6.3. Near-horizontal holes are drilled into the exposed face.
10.13.6.4. Tension-resisting steel bars are inserted into the holes and then grouted (or shotcrete) .
10.13.6.5. The finished soil nails produce a zone of reinforced ground.
10.13.6.6. In the right soil conditions, soil nailing is a rapid and economical means of constructing excavations support systems.
10.13.7. Retaining walls
10.13.7.1. (stability, sliding and overturning then steel design)
11. Chapter 3
11.1. foundation
11.1.1. foundation systems
11.1.1.1. Shallow Foundation
11.1.1.1.1. Isolated spread footing
11.1.1.1.2. Wall footing
11.1.1.1.3. Combined footing
11.1.1.1.4. Contilever or strap footing
11.1.1.1.5. Raft or Mat foundation
11.1.1.2. Deep Foundations
11.1.1.2.1. Pile foundation
11.1.1.2.2. Pier foundation
11.1.2. The element of the building that ensures the transmission and distribution of loads of the structure into the ground (selfweight, surcharges, snow, wind (climatic conditions))
11.1.2.1. The thickness of the foundation depends on the punching shear (and wide beam shear).
11.1.2.2. - The area of the foundation depends on the type of soil or bearing capacity of the soil.
11.2. Bearing capacity of soil
11.2.1. dependent of the geomechanical conditions and properties of soils (sand, clays, rocks…)
11.2.2. Is characterized by its resistance to settlement as a function of cohesion and internal frictions. - Unit :kN/m² .
11.2.3. Soil capacity
11.2.3.1. Rock of good quality (no cracks) : σ = 3 - 10 MPa . Sedimentary rocks: σ = 1 - 4 MPa . Dense sand: σ < 0.1 MPa . Loose sand: σ = 0.075 - 0.6 MPa . Firm clay / soft clay σ < 0.075 MPa .
11.2.3.1.1. The smaller the allowable pressure, the greater the needed surface of the foundation in order to withstand the forces exerted by the structure.
11.2.3.1.2. To compute the bearing capacity of soil: - Send samples of soil for lab testing - Quick in situ test by directlly testing the soil in the field.
11.2.4. Settlement of soil
11.2.4.1. It is the vertical deformation of soil caused by the application of external forces due to fills, transmitted loads by foundations, or its self weight.
11.2.4.2. Two types of settlements of soil
11.2.4.2.1. Uniformly distributed settlement
11.2.4.2.2. Differential settlement
11.2.4.3. Causes of settlements
11.2.4.3.1. 1-superficial layers are dry (changes in moisture content)
11.2.4.3.2. 2- Unsuitable foundations (weak bearing soils)
11.2.4.3.3. 3- Fills (poor compaction)
11.2.4.3.4. 4- Arbitrary causes (trees, vegetation)