Motivation and Engagement

1. Individual Beliefs

1.1. Praise the skill or talent, not the intelligence

1.2. Have students form their own apprasails of their work.

2. Social Context

2.1. Family, neighborhood, friends, diet, and culture affect achievement.

2.2. Learning should be student-centered

3. Expectations of Sucess

3.1. Subtractive Schooling which requires students to leave their languages, identities, cultures, and values at the door.