1. Composed and Non-Composed Music
1.1. Indian compositions are not written out in scores
1.2. Compositions are handed down through generations by memory
1.3. Due to the way music is learned, the core composition may be only a line or two, which is followed by repetitions and variations
1.3.1. Variations may be pre-composed (memorized ahead or time), or improvised
1.3.2. A piece of music that is composed from beginning to end is called through-composed
2. Sound Waves
2.1. Sound is described as a wave of energy
2.1.1. It has both an amplitude and a frequency
2.1.2. Amplitude is how loud or soft a tone is
2.1.3. Frequency affects the pitch of a sound
3. Sound and Music
3.1. Sound organized in time
3.2. In recent decades, globalization has made the boundaries between cultures increasingly permeable
4. North and South India
4.1. Geography
4.1.1. The city of Mumbai is the capital of the Maharashtra state
4.1.2. The Vindhya Range crosses much of central India
4.1.3. The Ganga River empties into the Bay of Bengal
4.1.4. The Ganges River flows from the Himalayas and creates the fertile Indo-Gangetic system
4.1.5. The Indus River flows from the Himalayas through Pakistan
4.1.6. India's northern border us the Himalayas
4.2. The central government, based in New Delhi, is a parliamentary system
4.3. 92 states
4.4. India's population is 1.2 billion people
5. South Asia
5.1. The Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were partitioned in 1947
5.2. The national boundaries we now know were drawn in the 12th century
5.3. South Asia includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan
6. Hinduism and Music
6.1. Some people trace origins of formal music in India to the chants of priests performing rituals called the Vedas
6.2. Hinduism is the worship of deities who appear in many forms
6.3. Hindus make up 80% of the population in India
7. Islam and Music in India
7.1. 13% of India's population identifies as Muslim
7.2. Islam came to India with Arab traders by sea, and overland from Iran, Turkey, and Central Asia
8. Formal Music of the Courts
8.1. South India system became known as Carnatic
8.2. The North Indian system became known as Hindustani
8.3. Tala: Rhythmic cycles
8.4. Raga: melodies
9. Media
9.1. India's Film Industry
9.1.1. Bollywood is the term for the Hindu language film industry
9.1.2. The first India made feature film was Raja Harishchandra, based on the Mahabharata
9.2. Internet
9.2.1. In 2013, there was reported to be around 200 million internet users in India
9.2.2. Internet services were launched in India in the mid 1990s
9.3. Television
9.3.1. Urban television ownership is reported at 75%
9.3.2. The National Television Service has broadcast since the 1970s, but government channels were the only ones available until 1990.
9.4. Radio
9.4.1. The Indian government began to lease airtime to private radio broadcasters in 1990s
9.4.2. India's national broadcast organization All In Radio was centered in New Delhi
9.5. Recording
9.5.1. Industry boomed in the 1980s with the invention of the casette
9.5.2. Fred Gaisberg of the British Gramophone recorded professional singers in Kolkata in 1902
10. Instruments as Sound Sources
10.1. Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel grouped instruments into four categories in the late 19th century
10.1.1. Chordophones (violins, harps, guitars, etc) have one or more strings that are plucked bowed, or struck
10.1.2. Idiophones (bells, woodblocks, etc), vibrate when struck
10.1.3. Membranophones have a skin or other membrane stretched across some type of frame
10.1.4. Aerophones (horns and flutes) produce sound by vibrating a column of air
10.2. Prior to Sachs and Hornbostel, Western orchestral instruments were grouped into strings, brass, woodwinds, percussion, and sometimes keyboard instruments
11. Form, Genre, and Style
11.1. Form describes how music is organized on a larger time scale. Form is the architecture of music
11.1.1. Tension and release give form to music by helping to shape a melody.
11.1.1.1. Tension can also be created through increased or decreased tempo, or increased rhythmic activity
11.1.1.2. Tension is created through dissonance and resolution
11.1.2. A phrase is a cohesive musical thought which helps to shape form
11.1.2.1. A theme is a set of phrases that make a melody
11.2. Genre: a category, usually named and recognized by a specific set of conventions
11.3. Style: a particular set of techniques or conventions used by an individual or group
12. Properties of a Musical Sound
12.1. Pitch: the highness or lowness of a sound
12.1.1. Indian classical music uses the "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni" solfege
12.1.2. The Western solfege system is used to list the alphabetical names of keys "Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do"
12.1.3. Half steps and whole steps are the basic intervals on any scale
12.1.4. A whole step is the distance between every other key
12.1.5. The distance between any to adjacent keys on a keyboard is a half step
12.2. Rhythm: The way music is organized in time
12.2.1. Rhythm is syncopated when accented or emphasized notes fall on weak beats, or in between beats
12.2.2. The downbeat is one way that rhythm is grouped
12.2.3. Tempo: the speed or pace of a beat
12.2.4. Beat: the steady pulse that underlines most music
12.3. Harmony
12.3.1. India's traditional music is considered a melodic system
12.3.2. Harmony occurs when cords are used systematically in a piece
12.3.3. A chord is made up of three or more pitches, which are sounded simultaneously
12.4. Other Vocabulary
12.4.1. Ornamentation: localized embellishments on a melody (in Indian music, is can be difficult to discern this from the main melody)
12.4.2. Dynamics: The loudness or softness of a sound
12.4.3. Instrumentation: the instrument of combination of instruments used
12.4.4. Timbre: The quality, character, or color of a musical sound
12.4.5. Monophony: when there is a single melodic line
12.4.6. Texture: the number of things going on in a piece at once
12.4.7. Tonic pitch: The home or fundamental pitch on which a scale is based