19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

1. The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

1.1. At the beginning of the 19th century, economic and political changes in Europe were affecting Spain and Philippines

1.1.1. Gradual abolition of the monopoly

1.1.2. Manila become open to foreign merchants almost without restriction in the mid (1830’s)

1.1.3. he demand of Philippine sugar and abaca grew swiftly and the amount of exports to European countries increased even more

2. The Rise of the Inquilinous

2.1. Inquilino “tenant”

2.2. Many estates turned progressively to the inquilino system of land tenure

2.2.1. During harvest the administrator would collect the rent of the inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvest to the local market or to manila and remit the income from sales and rents to the estate owners.

2.2.2. Some farms are directly consigned to inquilinos

2.2.3. Acting as overlords. Some inquilinos would make innumerable and irrational demand from farm workers.

3. Communal Conflicts

3.1. Disputed over communal woodcutting and grazing areas occurred regularly between villages and estates

3.2. Issues on estate owners and workers especially on the collection of excessive tased and land rent

3.3. The decline of sharing agreements

3.4. Extreme demands for labor services and capricious fixing of crop prices.

3.5. Peasant taking arms to protest the alleged abused and usurpation of their lands by the Jesuits, Dominicans, Augustinian and the Recollects

3.5.1. The relative freedom, which the inquilinos acquired by sub-leasing provided them a tactical advantage for arranging and leading to peasant protest movement

4. King Philips II – mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the locals,

5. Schools were established and run by Catholic Missionaries

6. Aside religion children were taught reading, writing, arithmetic and some vocational and practical arts subjects.

7. Latin was also taught instead of Spanish.

8. 1863, royal decree called for the establishment of a public school system in the Philippines.

8.1. The totally run education by the religious authorities, the education in the colony was thus finally administered nu the government during the last half of the 19th century through the church still controlled the curriculum.

8.2. he exclusive colleges and universities become open to natives through limited their accommodations to the sons of the wealthy Indio family