1. In March of the same year, after 15 boys were detained and tortured for writing graffiti in support of the Arab Spring, peaceful protests broke out in Syria. One of the 13-year-old boys was killed after being tortured. The Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad, responded to the protest, killing hundreds of demonstrators and imprisoning many more.
2. In July 2011, military defectors announced the formation of the Free Syrian Army, a rebel organization aimed at overthrowing the government, and Syria began to plunge into civil war.
3. It is said that even global warming played a role in triggering the 2011 uprising. In October 2007, a severe drought plagued Syria, causing as many as 1.5 million people to migrate from rural to urban areas, exacerbating poverty and social unrest.
4. Geneva: The first round of talks promoted by the United Nations was held in June 2012 between the Syrian government and the opposition representatives in Geneva, Switzerland.
5. Astana: In May 2017, Russia, Iran and Turkey called for the establishment of four degraded areas in Syria. Syrian and Russian fighter jets are not expected to fly in these areas.
6. Sochi: In January 2018, Russia sponsored a meeting on the future of Syria in the Black Sea city of Sochi, but the opposition group boycotted the meeting, claiming that it was undermining the UN negotiation efforts. Reach an agreement.
7. Idlib is one of the few strongholds controlled by opposition fighters. The province is of strategic importance to the Syrian government and Russia because it is close to the Khmeimim air base in Syria operated by Russia.
8. The Syrian army regained the city of Homs in 2014, but continued fighting with rebels in the suburbs between Homs and Hama.
9. Although the lack of freedom and economic hardship made the Syrian government dissatisfied, the severe suppression of the demonstrators aroused public outrage.
10. Arab Spring: In 2011, a successful uprising-known as the Arab Spring-overthrew the presidents of Tunisia and Egypt. This brings hope to the Syrian democratic activists.
11. Although the protests in 2011 were mainly non-sectarian, the armed conflict revealed clear sectarian divisions. Most Syrians are Sunni Muslims, but Syria’s security structure has long been dominated by Alawite members (Assad is a member).
12. In 1982, Bashar's father ordered a military suppression of the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama, killing thousands of people and razing most of the city to the ground.
13. There are ongoing peace talks between the Syrian government and the opposition to achieve a military ceasefire and political transition in Syria, but the main stumbling block is the fate of Assad.
14. In December 2017, a joint effort between the Syrian government and opposition representatives caused the final round of talks to fail the statement about Assad's future role in the transitional government. In 2014, Staffan de Mistura replaced Kofi Annan as the UN Special Envoy for Syria.
15. After condemning Syria's partition plan in March 2018, a follow-up tripartite summit was held in Turkey to discuss the way forward.
16. The current situation in Syria continues in many ways: Idlib (Idlib): In February 2018, Russian and Syrian army shelling of Idlib intensified, especially since the Hay'et Tahrir al-Sham group. Since the fighter shot down a Russian fighter. In April, Russia facilitated an agreement to evacuate opposition fighters from the eastern ancient tower in the south to Idlib in the north.
17. Homs: In April, an air base in Homs and other Syrian government facilities were once again the target of air strikes led by Israel and the United States, with Britain and France also participating.
18. Afrin: Turkey and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) began military operations against US-backed fighter jets in northwestern Syria in January 2018, and announced the occupation of Afrin city centre in March. The presence of American forces near Manbiye has triggered fear of confrontation between the United States and Turkey.
