1. Method* Target populations: ‘Foreigners’ ‘ethnic minorities’, 'migrants' ‘nonWestern allochtoons’
1.1. Turkish, Moroccans, Surinam and 'Antillianen' are the biggest non-western populations (Government changed allochtoon and autochtoon with "non western background and western background")
1.1.1. In Amsterdam, Rotterdam en Den Haag more than 30 procent has a non-western background + COVID incidence is highest in these provinces
1.1.1.1. what is the perception of high affected COVID communities regarding health care (workers(
1.1.2. Assumption that target population was in hospitals in Rotterdam, Den Haag en Utrecht. (Turkish and Moroccans were mostly targeted by the media)
2. Research* Governmental measurements and health outcomes Micro level: Exploring Dutch COVID-19 measurements and reasons of 'adherence to self-protective health behaviors"
2.1. overcrowded housings. Higher density of people increases transmission rates
2.2. less workplace safety and employment security. Part of the essential workers, making it almost impossible to work from home
2.2.1. lack of social assistance for entrepenours;
2.3. Extended kinship, ,ore deaths within a family equals more family gatherings?
2.4. households are multigenerational, with older age adults, working age adults, and children living together
2.5. low socio-economic status
2.5.1. healthy nutrition a challenge for individuals with a lower salary
2.5.2. higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes
3. Connecting Micro and Macro with the Framework "Social Determinants of Migrant Health". Idea is take elements from this framework and incorporate it into the questionnaire and examine the specific points in the policies?
4. Background* Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by COVID; why don't the Dutch see this trend?
4.1. Dutch language, posing as a barrier to understand the governmental measurements
4.2. inter-population variation of other countries. However, susceptibilities lies not in biology or our genes, but mostly in social and structural differences between human groups that have often led to health disparities. Also NL has a strong ethnic heterogeneity
4.3. Impact is unknown -> Assumptions whether or not migrants are over-represented in the intensive care units
4.3.1. Research indicated that Turkish, Moroccan and Suriname were not more infected than Dutch. However, research in Amsterdam was done in first wave (carnival + holidays)
4.3.1.1. Second wave is yet to be determined
4.3.1.2. Research does not indicate the damage of disease (Long-term effect is unknown such as respiratory damage + morbidity)
4.3.2. CBS: mortality rate is slightly higher among migrants
4.3.2.1. Difference incidence of mortality. How does it impact family members?