1. 1.) Environmental Alterations of Teeth
1.1. Developmental tooth defects
1.1.1. Factors association with environmental enamel defects
1.1.1.1. Systemic
1.1.1.1.1. Birth-related trauma: Breech presentations, hypoxia, multiple births, premature birth, prolonged labor
1.1.1.1.2. Chemicals: Amoxicillin, antineoplastic chemotheraphy, cigarette smoke, fluoride, lead, tetracycline, thalidomide, vitamin D
1.1.1.1.3. Chromosomal abnormalities: Trisomy 21
1.1.1.1.4. Infections: Chicken pox, pneumonia, rubella, syphillis, tetanus, urinary tract & gastrointestinal infections
1.1.1.1.5. Inherited diseases: Amelo-cerebro-hypohidrotic syndrome, epidermolysis bulllosa, tuberous sclerosis
1.1.1.1.6. Malnutrition: Generalized malnutrirtion, Vitamin A & D deficiency
1.1.1.1.7. Medical conditions: Asthma, cardiac disease, celiac disease, etc.
1.1.1.1.8. Neurologic disorders: Cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, sensorineural hearing defects
1.1.1.2. Local
1.1.1.2.1. Local acute mechanical trauma: falls, gunshots, surgery
1.1.1.2.2. Electrical burn
1.1.1.2.3. Irradiation
1.1.1.2.4. Local infection: acute neonatal maxillitis, periapical inflammatory disease
1.1.2. Crown development
1.1.2.1. Primary dentition
1.1.2.2. Permanent dentition
1.1.3. Enamel deffects patterns
1.1.3.1. Hypoplasia
1.1.3.2. Diffuse opacities
1.1.3.3. Demarcated opacities