1. perilaku sukarela yang dilakukan individu untuk membantu individu lain.
2. WHY DO WE HELP?
2.1. Basic forms of helping
2.1.1. Egoistic helping
2.1.2. Altruistic helping
2.2. Helping is consistent with evolutionary theory
2.2.1. Kin Selection
2.2.2. Reciprocal Helping
2.3. Social norms that promote helping
2.3.1. Reciprocity norm
2.3.2. Social responsibility norm
2.3.3. Social justice norm
2.4. Gender differences in helping
2.4.1. Men are more likely to help strangers, when there is an audience, in dangerous situation and when the person in need is female.
2.4.2. Women are more likely to provide long-term help, social and emotional support to others especially friend or caring for children.
2.4.3. These gender differences increase from childhood to adulthood
2.5. Learning to be a helper
2.5.1. Observational learning in children
2.5.2. Prosocial modeling in adults
2.5.3. The lasting consequences of modeling
2.5.4. Rewarding prosocial behavior
2.6. Personality differences in helping
2.6.1. Empathy
2.6.2. Personal distress
3. WHEN DO WE HELP?
3.1. A five step decision process
3.1.1. Notice that something is heppening
3.1.2. Interpret the event as an emergency
3.1.3. Take responsibility for providing help
3.1.4. Decide how to provide help
3.1.5. Take action to provide help
3.2. Audience inhibition effect
3.2.1. People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency.
3.3. Diffusion of responsibility
3.4. Bystander intervention is also shaped by arousal: cost – reward model
3.5. Positive and negative moods can either increase or decrease helping
3.5.1. Good moods and generosity
3.5.2. Bad moods and seeking relief
3.5.3. Negative state relief model
3.6. Empathy altruism hypothesis
3.6.1. Bystanders who experience empathy will help to provide comfort for victims
3.6.2. Bystanders who experience personal distress will help victims only to reduce their own negative arousal state
4. WHOM DO WE HELP?
4.1. Hidden costs for help recipients
4.1.1. Being unable to reciprocate help can create stress
4.1.2. Receiving help can threaten self esteem
4.2. We tend to help similar others
4.3. We also are most likely to help deserving others
4.4. Just world belief:
4.4.1. a belief that the world is a fair and equitable place, with people getting what they deserve in life