1. Parchment
1.1. A substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows
1.2. Parchment replaced papyrus because it was more durable
1.3. Making parchment
1.3.1. 1. Hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out
1.3.2. 2. Hide was soaked in water. Calcium, flour and salt were added
1.3.3. 3. Skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried
2. Settled in Sumer region because of fertile land
2.1. Cuneiform created there
2.1.1. Helped keep track of these business transactions
2.1.2. Clay tablets
2.1.3. Cuneiform evolved into a wedge shaped language
2.2. Akkadians invade the Sumer region
3. Sumerians
3.1. Theocratic culture ruled by a priest king
3.2. Skilled artisans who created vases, bowl, and other types of pottery.
3.3. Music was a big part of their life.
4. Egyptian hieroglyphics
4.1. combination of logographic and alphabetic elements
4.2. Ancient Egyptians believed it was important to record and communicate information about religion and government
5. Phonetic Alphabet
5.1. One sign represents one spoken sound
5.2. The trade culture of the Phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet into parts of North Africa and Europe
5.3. Disintegrated class divisions between royalty and the common man
6. The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript
6.1. Scrolls
6.1.1. Long continuous piece of papyrus
6.1.2. Made up of separate sheets glued together at the edges
6.2. Codex
6.2.1. Covered and bound collection of handwritten pages
6.2.2. Compactness, sturdiness and ease of reference
6.2.3. Could be opened flat at any page
6.2.4. Christianity used it in the Bible
7. Computers
7.1. Univac
7.1.1. First commercial computer
7.1.2. Designed by John Preseper Eckert and John Mauchly
7.1.3. universal automatic computer
7.2. IBM
7.2.1. International business machines
7.2.2. Developed the IBM701 EDPM computer
7.2.3. Introduced the first memory disk- the Floppy Disk
7.3. Computer mouse
7.3.1. Invented by Douglas Engelbart
7.3.2. Wanted to make computers a more user-friendly tool
7.3.3. Nicknamed the mouse because of its "tail"
7.4. Internet
7.4.1. First internet called ARPnet
7.4.2. It was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers
7.5. Apple
7.5.1. The Lisa Computer
7.5.1.1. First personal computer with a GUI
7.5.1.1.1. Xerox developed the first GUI
7.5.2. Introduced the Apple Macintosh computer in 1984
8. Papyrus
8.1. 1st: Wet reeds were placed criss cross over each other
8.2. 2nd: Weeds were flattened and dried
8.3. 3rd: They were rubbed with flat stones until the surface became smooth
9. Cave Paintings
9.1. Famous Caves
9.1.1. Lascaux
9.1.1.1. France
9.1.1.2. Closed due to carbon dioxide emitted from tourists and ruining the paintings
9.1.1.3. French government created Lascaux 2 to satisfy the tourists.
9.1.2. Altamira
9.1.2.1. Spain
9.1.2.2. Red hue
9.1.3. Chauvet Pont d'Arc
9.1.3.1. Oldest known cave painting site
9.1.3.2. Walls scraped clear of debris
9.1.3.3. looks 3D
9.2. Tell stories and event
9.3. Instructional visual aid to help teach about hunting techniques
9.4. Religious reasons that if an image was painted, it would come to life
10. The Gutenberg Press
10.1. Johannes Gutenberg introduced modern book printing
10.1.1. Loved to read
10.1.2. His father was a goldsmith and jeweler
10.1.3. Created oil-based ink
10.2. Printing Press
10.2.1. Hand Press in which ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set letters held within a wooden frame
10.2.2. Developed from the technology of the screw-type for pressing grapes and olive seeds
10.3. Moveable Type
10.3.1. First developed in China
10.3.2. the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document
10.3.3. could be reproduced more quickly once a single mold could be made
10.3.4. John Fust invested in Gutenberg's inventions and eventually got credit for the priting with Schoeffer
10.4. Printing Processes
10.4.1. Relief Printing
10.4.2. Intaglio
10.4.3. Porous
10.4.4. Lithography
11. The Linotype Machine
11.1. Keyboard
11.1.1. 90 character keyboard
11.1.2. Arrangement of keys was based on letter frequency
11.1.3. Black keys for lowercase letters on the left
11.1.4. White keys for uppercase letters on the right
11.1.5. Blue keys for punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed with spaces in the middle
11.2. Typewriter
11.2.1. Christopher Sholes invented the only typewrite that became commercially successful
11.2.1.1. Clephane tested his typewriter
11.2.1.2. Clephane went to Ottmar Mergenthaler to help him improve the machine into the Linotype Machine
11.2.2. Most important users of the typewrite were stenographers
11.3. Produces an entire line of metal type at once
12. Photography
12.1. Camera Obscura
12.1.1. An optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen
12.1.2. In the 17th and 18th centuries the camera obscura shrunk to the size of a portable box and the image was reflected onto ground glass
12.2. Photographic processes
12.2.1. Daguerreotype
12.2.1.1. First practical photographic process
12.2.1.2. Created by Daguerre
12.2.1.3. He exposed a light-sensitive metal sheet, which created a direct positive image
12.2.1.4. Exposure time was reduced from 8 hours to half-hour
12.2.2. Calotype
12.2.2.1. Created by William Fox Talbot
12.2.2.2. The subject was exposed onto a light sensitive paper producing a paper negative
12.2.2.3. It's the basis of our modern photographic process because an unlimited amounts of duplicates could be made
12.2.3. Wet Plate Process
12.2.3.1. Created by Archer
12.2.3.2. Glass plates were used for the negative
12.2.3.3. Exposure time is two or three seconds
12.2.3.4. Glass plates were coated with collodion, a colorless syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in ether
12.2.3.5. Plates had to be exposed and developed immediately while they were still wet
12.2.4. Dry Plate Process
12.2.4.1. Created by Richard Maddox
12.2.4.2. Glass plates were coated with gelatin
12.3. Eastman Kodak Company
12.3.1. He invented a roll film, a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls
12.3.2. he camera owner could send in the camera with a minimal processing fee. The company would process the film, reload the camera with a new roll, and return it to the owner
12.3.3. Marketed The Brownie to the general public in 1900
12.4. First photographs
12.4.1. Joseph Niepe created the first successful photograph in 1827
12.4.2. James Clerk Maxwell took the first color photograph