1. The Public Policy Making Process
1.1. Identification of Policy Problems
1.1.1. is a method of identifying policy issues through public pressure on the government to act.
1.1.1.1. In a democratic country, the public's opinion will have an impact on government policies. In this aspect, public opinion is seen as crucial and plays a considerable role in government.
1.1.2. There is minimal evidence to suggest that public opinion has a considerable impact on government policy. It has been stated that public policy influences public opinion more than public opinion influences policy.
1.2. Agenda Setting
1.2.1. This is a method of directing the attention of the media and government authorities to specific public issues in order to determine what will be decided.
1.2.2. There are two agenda types
1.2.2.1. Systemic Agenda
1.2.2.2. Institutional Agenda
1.2.3. Actors in agenda setting
1.2.3.1. Elected public official and judges
1.2.3.2. Bureaucracy
1.2.3.3. Mass Media
1.2.3.4. Interest Groups
1.2.3.5. International Organisations
2. Policy Formulation
2.1. It is about the formation of policy recommendations by policy planning organisations, interest groups, government bureaucracies, and presidents and congresses through the inception and development of policy proposals.
2.2. Policy formulation involves two main elements
2.2.1. Analysis
2.2.2. Authoriation
3. Policy Makers
3.1. Malaysia
3.1.1. Individual (Prime Minister
3.1.2. Selected Few (Cabinet, Committee/Councils
3.2. USA
3.2.1. President
3.2.2. Government Agencies
3.2.3. Presidential Organizations
3.2.4. Legislators
4. Policy Legitimation
4.1. Malaysian Context
4.1.1. Cabinet Level involves executive process, which requires support / consent / persuasions and justifications
4.1.2. Parliamentary involes Legislative Process, which requires numerical Majority
4.1.3. Prime Minister decision making involves the announcement process which requires command and support
5. Executive Process
5.1. Cabinet will consider policy recommendation base on the Guideline for preparing the Cabinet Paper and implementation of the Cabinet Decision.
5.2. The Cabinet members will consider the justifications / feedsbacks from the various relevant central agencies.
6. Legislative Process
6.1. Assuming the Secretary of Parliament Council has received the notification, tge draft of a bill will be printed and distributed to every Parliament members.
7. The Reading Process
7.1. The First Reading
7.1.1. The concerned Minister present the draft of a bill to all members of Parliament. The Minister read title and reasons for introducing the bill. No deliberation
7.2. Second Reading
7.2.1. The draft of a bill is deliberated. Its advantages, disadvantages, implications, towards public and state will be highlighted. The concerned Minister is responsible to answer question and provide further explanation
7.3. Third Reading
7.3.1. The modified draft of bill is presented for approval. Assuming it is approved, the bill will be send to the Second House (Dewan Negara) for the three readings processes
7.4. Royal Assent
7.4.1. The YDPA has to approve within 30 days; If YDPA does not approve? It will still become law
7.5. Gazzete
7.5.1. The Bill will become law after gazetted
7.6. Announcement
7.6.1. The concerned Minister will be informed to take appropriate measures for implementation. This will be informed at the relevant administrative meeting such as State Executive Meeting, Secretary General of Ministries Meeting, Chief Executive of Federal Statutory Bodies Meeting
8. Announcement Process
8.1. Policy Implementation
8.1.1. The implementation of policies will be done through organised bureaucracies, public expenditures and the activities of executive agencies
8.2. Policy Evaluation
8.2.1. The evaluation of policies will be carried out by the government agencies themselves, outside consultants, the press and the public
8.3. Policy Change
8.3.1. The policy change in terms of the changing preferences and beliefs of the actors involved
8.3.2. In policy change, it focuses more to policy expansion rather than policy reduction
8.4. Policy Termination
8.4.1. The evaluation and appraisal of a policy, dissatisfaction with its policy costs and consequences and the development and expansion of political opposition may produce variety of responses to it, including policy termination