1. Chapter Two: The Cell
1.1. Prokaryotic: simpler/ smaller cell that doesn't have nucleus or organelles contains DNA
1.1.1. Bacteria is an example
1.1.2. Prokaryotic are the oldest: born 4.5 billions years ago. Before plants and animals.
1.2. Eukaryotes: larger and more complex contains organelles
1.2.1. largest organelle is nucleus in this cell
1.3. Enzymes are proteins
1.4. Amino Acid: proteins are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers
1.5. 3 principles of cell theory: 1. all living things are made up. 2. cells are the smallest unit 3. all cells come from pre exiting cells
1.6. Basic structures in cells: membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
1.7. Cytoplasm: organelles suspended in fluid.
1.8. Chloroplasts: found in plant cells, sites for photosynthesis
1.8.1. they have their own DNA
1.9. Role of plasma membrane: protect the cell from its surroundings.
1.9.1. Function of PM: reflate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell, portion synthesis, lipid synthesis.
1.10. Fluid mosaic model: phospholipid chemistry and cholesterol
1.11. Structural features of membrane proteins: hydrophobic and lipids
1.12. RNA: ribonucleic acid- long single stranded chain of cells that processes protein.
1.13. Process protein synthesis: transcription and translation
1.14. Transport Vesicles: where proteins leave the RER
1.15. Roles of lysosomes: digestion system of the cell and break down things
1.16. 3 functions of the central vacuole: waste dump, storage region and keeping the cell in shape
1.16.1. Stroma: thick fluid in the chloroplasts
1.16.2. Chlorophyll: structures within a chloroplasts that trap the sunlight
1.16.2.1. converts it into thylakoids energy
1.17. Endocytosis: processes in cell internalizes non particulate materials
1.17.1. Nucleosomes: DNA and proteins form fibres
1.18. Exocytosis: fusion of secretary vesicles with the plasma membrane
1.19. Functions of Cytoskeleton: helps cell maintain their shape and internal organization
1.19.1. 3 types of tubules that make fibres of the cytoskeleton: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
1.19.1.1. Tobacco/ pregnancy and cytoskeleton: tobacco sweeping motion of the cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.
1.20. Ribosomes: suspended in the cytosol of a cell
1.20.1. Others make proteins inside the nucleus
1.21. Cells lysosomes burst: the cell would digest itself
1.22. chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes
1.22.1. Cristae of a mitochondrion: adaptation to increase the surface near of a part of a cell that's in cellular respiration
2. Chemistry and Water
2.1. matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
2.1.1. three stats of matter: solid, liquid and gas
2.2. Substances that can't be broken down into others: carbon and nitrogen
2.3. Elements are in all organisms matter
2.4. 25 elements are essential to life.
2.5. 4 elements that make up the body: O, C, H and N carbon, hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen
2.6. isotopes have same number of protons and different number of neutrons
2.6.1. Radioacive are unstable and isotopes are stable
2.7. Polar molecule: opposite charges like opposite charges example: water
2.7.1. Water molecules to be cohesive: strength in the molecules which helps water travel
2.7.2. surface tension: allows to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of it's molecules (walking on water)
2.7.3. water buffers, vapours and sweats which can moderate temps on earth.
2.7.4. Ice floats cause fish could die if frozen from the ground up.
2.7.5. Buffers: substances that resist a change in Ph
2.7.6. bonds that involve between water molecules: hydrogen
2.8. Polar Molecule- Water: oxygen has a negative charge and a hydrogen has a positive charge
2.9. Solute: put into water: sugar
2.10. Solvent: the water is: dissolve
2.11. solution: the sweetened water
3. Energy and the Cell
3.1. Energy: capacity to perform work.
3.1.1. Kinetic Energy: motion
3.1.1.1. Motion: type of KE and product of all energy conversions
3.1.2. Potential Energy: stored energy
3.1.3. Conservation of energy principle: energy of interacting bodies or particles in a closed system remains constant.
3.2. Combustion: high energy inorganic electron acceptor to produce large amounts of energy. Drive the bulk production.
3.3. Calorie: energy into glucose and transports it through the blood stream.
3.4. ATP Molecule: chemical energy stored in bonds and then released as high energy molecule.
3.4.1. consisting of nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate group
3.5. ATP: compound that provides energy for the cell to perform work
4. Chapter One
4.1. bio:life Logy:study of
4.1.1. Homeostasis: self regulating
4.2. Biosphere: all environment on earth
4.3. ecosystem: geographic areas where biotic and abiotic life.
4.3.1. Two main processes for ecosystem: nutrient revolving and energy flow
4.4. Population: groups of organisms of the same species living together
4.5. Lowest Level of structure are cells
4.6. Taxonomy: Classification of naming organisms.
4.6.1. Keep on cleaning or frogs will get sick = domains
4.6.2. Three domians of life: Eukarya, archaea and bacteria
4.6.2.1. Difference from Domains: multi vs single called and membrane is difference.
4.6.2.2. Eukarya includes 4 kingdoms: planate, Animalia, fungi and Protista: everything that isn't those things (mold)
4.7. property of life: populations do change, living things are complex and ordered organization, energy is key, reproduce their own kind
4.7.1. 7 properties of life: order, response, reproduction, growth, regulation, homeostasis and energy
4.7.2. Homeostasis: self regulating
4.8. Evolution: change species over time
4.8.1. Natural Selection: change and adaptation over time
4.8.2. Mutations: changes in genes are mistakenly copied
4.8.3. Artificial Selection: breeding of plants and animals by humans (dogs and wolves)
4.9. Energy: can change form but can't be broken and made.
4.10. food web: producers- make their own food consumers: eating plants decomposers: break down like bacteria
4.10.1. Mutualistic relationship: hippos and the bird cleaning it's teeth
4.10.2. Parastitic Relationship: Mosq biting a human
4.10.3. Commensalism: one benefits without harming the other. flowers on tree, just chilling on the tree.
5. PM transport
5.1. endocytosis: takes material in via vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane
5.2. Diffusion: passive transport molecules tend to spread into the available space
5.3. Passive and Active transport differ: passive use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done
5.4. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done
5.5. Hyperotonic: has a higher concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood
5.6. Isotonic: has a similar concentration of fluid, sugars and salt to blood
5.7. Hypotonic: a lower concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood
5.8. Simple diffusion: move material in the direction of a concentration gradient
5.9. Osmosis: Passive transport of water
5.10. pinocytosis: Term for cellular drinking
5.11. exocytosis: releases substances in a vesicle outside of the cell.
5.12. Phagocytosis: act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium
6. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
6.1. Heterotrophs: an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
6.2. Autotrophs: producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy
6.3. Glucose molecules- how many ATP- 38
6.4. Oxygen important: helps organisms grow, reproduce, and turn food into energy.
6.5. fermentation and how many ATP: natural process through which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria convert carbs 2 ATPs
6.6. Photosynthesis: converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucos
6.6.1. Perform this: chloroplasts
6.6.2. Chemical equation: 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
6.6.3. 2 steps: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
6.7. Cellular respiration: energy-yielding oxidative reactions in living matter
6.7.1. Perform this: Organisms from all kingdoms of life
6.7.2. 4 steps, how many ATP: glycolysis, Link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 36 ATPs
6.7.3. this in the human body: energy to eat, digest and metabolize food