1. Properties of Organic Molecules
1.1. Boiling points
1.1.1. hydrocarbons
1.1.1.1. cis isomers have higher boiling points than trans isomers
1.1.1.2. isomers have lower boiling points than chained hydrocarbons
1.1.1.3. Hydrocarbons have low boiling points due to low electronegativity values
1.1.2. functional groups
1.1.2.1. molecules with functional groups have higher boiling points, with COOH making the most dramatic increase
1.2. Intermolecular forces
1.2.1. Organic molecules that are carboxylic acids, amides, amines, and alcohols have hydrogen bonding
1.2.2. Organic molecules with other functional groups have dipole-dipole forces
1.2.3. hydrocarbons have LDF
1.3. Polarity
1.3.1. as the R group increases, properties are closer to those of hydrocarbons (less polar)
1.3.2. if the R group is smaller, properties resemble the functional group (more polar)
2. Reactions
2.1. Combustion
2.1.1. complete oxidation of an organic compound, releasing heat and light
2.1.2. Hydrocarbon + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
2.2. Substitution
2.2.1. Substituting a hydrogen with a halogen atom
2.2.2. Aromatic Substitution
2.2.2.1. catalysts such as FeX3 required
2.3. Addition
2.3.1. Addition of Hydrogen
2.3.1.1. H2 is added to a reaction
2.3.1.2. saturates alkenes
2.3.2. Addition of Halogens
2.3.2.1. addition of halogens to a reaction such as Cl2
2.3.2.2. can be used for the bromine test
2.3.3. Addition of Hydrohalogens
2.3.3.1. addition of hydrohalogens such as HCl
2.3.4. Additions of Water
2.3.4.1. adding water as H-OH to a reaction
2.3.4.2. H3O+ is the catalyst used
2.3.5. Markovnikov's Rule
2.3.5.1. The more electronegative atom will bind to the carbon with the least hydrogens if the alkene/alkyne is not symmetrical.
2.4. Elimination
2.4.1. reverse of an addition. Turning an alkane into an alkene/alkyne
2.4.2. with alkyl halides
2.4.3. catalyst is Concentrated H2SO4
2.5. Mild Oxidation
2.5.1. Oxidizing agents include KMnO4, H2O2, and K2Cr2O7
2.5.2. oxidation of alcohols
2.5.2.1. Primary alcohol
2.5.2.1.1. alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
2.5.2.2. secondary alcohol
2.5.2.2.1. Alcohol -> ketone -> NR
2.5.2.3. tertiary alcohol
2.5.2.3.1. No reaction
2.6. Condensation
2.6.1. To form Ethers
2.6.1.1. Alcohol + Alcohol --> ether + water
2.6.2. To forn Esters
2.6.2.1. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid--> ester + water
2.6.3. To form Amides
2.6.3.1. Amine+ Carboxylic acid--> amide + water
2.7. Synthesis of Amines
2.7.1. alkyl halide + ammonia --> amine
3. Isomers
3.1. Structural Isomers
3.1.1. same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms
3.2. Stereoisomers
3.3. Geometric Isomers
3.3.1. same connection of atoms but in different shapes
3.3.2. Cis isomers happen when 2 groups are on the same plane
3.3.3. Trans Isomers happen when both groups are on opposite planes
4. Structural drawings
4.1. Cyclic
4.2. Condensed
4.3. Structural Diagrams
4.4. Line Structure
5. Polymers + Polymerization
5.1. Addition Polymers
5.1.1. Involves an alkene monomer and the product is a long alkene chain
5.1.1.1. e.g: Polyethylene
5.2. Condensation polymers
5.2.1. Involve 1-2 monomers containing other functional groups. The products include repeating ester or amide groups.
5.2.2. water is produced in polymerizations
5.2.3. e.g: Polyester
6. Functional Groups
6.1. Alcohol
6.1.1. -OH
6.1.2. Can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary
6.1.3. necessary to identify location of hydroxyl group
6.2. Aldehyde
6.2.1. not necessary to identify location
6.2.2. cannot be cyclic
6.2.3. -al suffix and formyl prefix
6.3. Ketone
6.3.1. may or may not require a number to identify the location of the carbonyl group
6.3.2. one suffix and oxo prefix
6.4. Carboxylic Acid
6.4.1. Highest priority functional group
6.4.2. -oic acid suffix
6.5. Ether
6.5.1. structure very similar to water
6.5.2. oxygen bonded to 2 alkyl groups
6.5.3. oxy prefix in between the sides where the functional group is. Side with lowest amount of carbons is named first
6.6. Ester
6.6.1. -oate suffix. no prefix
6.7. Have nitrogen Atoms
6.7.1. Amine
6.7.1.1. can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the alkyl groups connected to the nitrogen
6.7.1.1.1. "N" prefix before every alkyl group
6.7.1.2. -amine suffix
6.7.2. Amide
6.7.2.1. -amine suffix
6.7.2.2. "N" prefix before every alkyl group
7. Hydrocarbons
7.1. Aliphatics
7.1.1. alkanes
7.1.1.1. single bonded carbons
7.1.1.2. CnH2n+2
7.1.1.3. -ane suffix
7.1.2. alkenes
7.1.2.1. double bonded carbons
7.1.2.2. CnH2n
7.1.2.3. -ene suffix
7.1.3. alkynes
7.1.3.1. triple bonded carbons
7.1.3.2. CnH2n-2
7.1.3.3. -yne suffix
7.1.4. Cyclic
7.1.4.1. Cyclo prefix
7.1.4.2. forms a ring and as a result, 2 hydrogens are removed
7.2. Aromatics
7.2.1. Benzene
7.2.1.1. ring structure
7.2.1.2. Resonance structure - has no double bonds because of its quantum configuration. has 6 1/2 double bonds.
7.2.1.3. C6H6
7.2.2. Ortho, Meta, and Para
7.2.2.1. Ortho: 1,2 positions of groups
7.2.2.2. Meta: 1,3 positions
7.2.2.3. Para: 1,4 positions