1. The irony of resistance
1.1. "one of the recurrent repressive mechanisms of dominance is the accusation against (recognized) resistance for not having legitimate, legal or otherwise “appropriate” intentions" while "critical scholars of resistance...demand a certain kind of “political”, “ideological” or “class” motive or claim of the activity in order to qualify it as “resistance”"
1.2. Resistance can be surviva or coping, and that is the result of undermining power in the first place
1.3. Although accomodation is just the "reproduction of power", (everyday) resistance can look like it is accomodation
1.3.1. becomes a "disguised resistance"
1.4. "one and same act [can] turn(s) out to be resistance in some aspects, yet a power exercise in other"
1.4.1. e.g. "women collaborate in the reproduction of gender hierarchy at the same time as they challenge and undermine it"
1.4.2. e.g. "transgendered individuals conduct “gender resistance” as “a discursive act that both challenges and reifies the binary gender system.”"
1.5. although resistance tries to undermine power, "power and resistance are interdependent" and "entangled" (pg. 25)
1.5.1. resistance undermines some features of power while enforcing others as a strategy
1.5.2. everyday resistance is "never fully outside the network of powers"
1.5.3. "There are often elements of resistance within power institutions and elements of power within resistance projects"
1.6. "neither power nor resistance (permanently) "wins""
1.7. "cynicism and skepticism towards the management reproduced power rather than undermining it" after "1990s employers extended their possibilities to control and construct the identities of employees through new discourses of management"
1.8. By resisting power structures, you can make your own power structures
1.9. resistance has to follow along with some rules and break others
1.9.1. "Resistance might resist one power while embracing another"
2. Examples of eveyday resistance
2.1. "foot-dragging, escape, sarcasm, passivity, laziness, misunderstandings, disloyalty, slander, avoidance or theft"
2.2. Stigmatization
2.2.1. "neighbors that shun and picket their residence when they are exposed"
2.3. "worker’s own work disguised as work for his employer"
2.4. "a secretary’s writing a love letter on ‘company time’"
2.5. "Accused of stealing or turning material to his [sic] own ends and using the machines for his own profit, the worker who indulges in la perruque actually diverts time (not goods, since he uses only scraps) from the factory for work that is free, creative, and precisely not directed toward profit. [And] re introduces ‘popular’ techniques of other times and other places into the industrial space"
2.6. "childless women in India who resist stigma"
2.7. "Rachel resists her Israeli identity and another woman, Maria, brings forward aspects of her identity, which give her advantages"
2.8. "laughter, humor and carnevalistic practice among women in a Nicaraguan lower class neighborhood"
2.8.1. also "reinforces the idea of women and men as stereotypic and mutually exclusive categories"
2.9. "The practice of dressing in flannel shirts, ripped jeans and working boots, is a practice of resistance in relation to the dominant gay culture, and at the same time it reinforces the norm of heterosexual, white masculinity"
2.10. “North African living in Paris …find ways of using the constraining order of the place or of the language … which lays down its law for him, he establishes within it a degree of plurality and creativity. By an art of being in between …These modes of use – or rather re-use – multiply with the extension of acculturation”
3. Definition
3.1. What it IS
3.1.1. According to Vinthagen and Johansson (2013)
3.1.1.1. "How people act in their everyday lives in ways that might undermine power"(pg. 2)
3.1.1.2. "typically hidden or disguised, individual and not politically articulated"
3.1.1.3. mundane and non dramatic(pg. 3)
3.1.1.4. changes depending on "contexts and situations"
3.1.1.5. "goes on between or at the side of the dramatic resistance events"
3.1.1.6. "actors [don't] regard(ing) it as “resistance”... rather a normal part and way of their life, personality, culture and tradition"
3.1.1.7. "does not conform to conventional understandings of politics"
3.1.1.8. "does not conform to conventional understandings of politics"
3.1.1.9. "done with intent...neither necessarily a political-ideological one, nor antagonistic class interest"
3.1.2. According to James Scott
3.1.2.1. quiet, dispersed, disguised or otherwise seemingly invisible; "infrapolitics" (pg. 1)
3.1.2.1.1. seen in all classes
3.1.2.1.2. "tactics that exploited people use in order to both survive and undermine repressive domination...when rebellion is too risky"
3.1.2.1.3. Either “the concealment of anonymity of the resister" or "concealment of the act itself"(having a double meaning)
3.1.2.2. "Intent is a more relevant indicator than outcome"
3.1.2.3. “small scale”, “relatively safe”, “promise vital material gains” and “require little or no formal coordination”
3.1.3. According to de Certeau
3.1.3.1. "“way of using imposed systems” and how people use “‘popular’ tactics” in their ordinary and daily activities to turn “the actual order of things” “to their own ends” "
3.1.3.1.1. "order is tricked by an art"
3.1.4. According to Kirkviliet
3.1.4.1. "if their cutting of corners is actually at odds with the interest or power exercise of the superiors, then...it is indeed resistance, irrespective of whether it is intended or not"
3.2. What it is NOT
3.2.1. public, collective
3.2.1.1. e.g. demonstrations, riots rebellions
3.2.2. actions that "do not intentionally resist and oppose, hurt or target people in superior positions or voice claims at odds with the interest of the superiors"
3.2.2.1. e.g. "when men put down women, or the poor steal from other poor people"
4. Resistance in general is "a continuum between public confrontations and hidden subversion"
4.1. Everyday resistance is the "hidden subversion" side of the continuum
4.1.1. "direct resistance by disguised resisters against material domination"
4.1.2. "hidden transcripts of anger or disguised discourses of dignity against status domination"
4.1.3. "dissident subcultures (e.g. millennial religion, myths of social banditry, class heroes) against ideological domination"
4.2. "a recurrent social phenomenon that has often been ignored, feared, demonized or romanticized. "
4.3. Power and resistance have a spiral relationship
4.4. “as societies became more complex, so too did the targets and modes of resistance”
4.5. "each actor is both the subject and the object of power – the subject is exposed to the ranking and stereotyping as well as promoting repressive “truths”"
5. Is everyday resistance a form of creative resistance?
5.1. According to de Certeau, “a tactic is an art of the weak”.
5.1.1. In this case, a tactic is everyday resistance. Art can be a form of creative resistance, so everyday resistance can be a form of creative resistance for people not strong enough to do public acts of resistance
5.2. According to Vinthagen and Johansson, everyday resistance expects the outcome of "only the potential of undermining power". Creative resistance usually calls for a mandatory change.
5.2.1. This makes everyday resistance only a "potential" form of creative resistance, in the case that it does actually undermine power"
5.3. "the creativity of resistance, the actual art of resistance"
5.3.1. if there is creativity in the resistance, there is creative resistance
5.3.2. “This reflects the creativity, tentativeness, and sensitivity to opportunity that is characteristic of everyday resistance in general”