1. Single, circular chromosome of DNA – in contact with cytoplasm
2. 3. The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods
2.1. The Modern Cell Theory
2.1.1. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organismsn
2.1.2. All living things are made of cells
2.1.3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells
2.1.4. Hierarchical Organisation
3. 4. a.i. Cellular Respiration - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation
4. 2. Plant Cells
4.1. Interactive Cell Models
5. 1. Animal Cells
5.1. Great (simple) video ANALOGY - may also help when you get to CELL STRUCTURE Cell City
6. 4. Cell Requirements p 29 - 31 + PPT #7
6.1. 4. a.Energy
6.1.1. Cellular Respiration -breaking GLUCOSE chemical bonds in turn providing energy for cell.
6.1.1.1. Needs Oxygen + happens all the time.
6.1.1.1.1. Oxygen levels inside cells are LOW, therefore oxygen diffuses into cells from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration in the CYTOPLASM
6.1.1.2. IN CONTRAST - AUTOTROPHS use carbon dioxide. They use the oxygen produced on photosynthesis to release energy from glucose.
6.1.2. Autotrophs are organisms that synthesise GLUCOSE from sun during photosynthesis.
6.1.3. Heterotrophs consume autotrophs for this energy (GLUCOSE)
6.2. 4.b.Need Matter called MACROMOLECULES p31-33
6.2.1. Carbohydrates PPT #8-9
6.2.1.1. C:H:O = 1:2:1
6.2.1.2. Glucose = MONOSACCHARIDE (mono means one). Provides energy for ALL cellular and physiological processes.
6.2.1.2.1. Plants + SOME prokaryotes synthesise glucose in PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Heterotrophs have to consume it.
6.2.1.3. Sucrose + common table sugar = DISACCHARIDE (di means two)
6.2.1.3.1. Quick energy source for animals. Split into glucose + fructose. Causes rapid blood glucose rise.
6.2.1.3.2. In plants - moves around in phloem as sucrose.
6.2.1.4. POLYSACCHARIDES (poly means many) used by organisms for energy reserves and structural components.
6.2.1.4.1. STARCH
6.2.1.4.2. CELLULOSE
6.2.2. Lipids PPT #11
6.2.2.1. Made of FATTY ACIDS + Glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDDES and PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
6.2.2.1.1. Plants make their own - Animals need it in diet.
6.2.2.2. Made from carbon, hydrogen + oxygen INSOLUBLE in water
6.2.3. Proteins PPT #10
6.2.3.1. Amino Acids p31 build PROTEINS
6.2.3.1.1. PROTEINS build structures + enzymes and control chemical reactions that maintain life processes.
6.2.3.1.2. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen + nitrogen + sometimes sulfur and phosphorus
6.2.4. Nucleic Acids PPT #12-14
6.2.4.1. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
6.2.4.1.1. Responsible for the 'coding' of all your cells. As cells are copied...so is the DNA of that cell. From DNA to protein - 3D
6.2.4.1.2. Too BIG to leave nucleus, so splits into mRNA (messenger RNA)
6.2.4.2. RNA =ribonucleic acid
6.2.4.2.1. mRNA carries the instructions to synthesise protein in RIBOSOMES in CYTOPLASM
6.2.4.3. DNA and RNA are made of NUCLEOTIDES
6.2.5. AUTOTROPHS can do this, however HETEROTROPHS need to build form consumed (food) organic compounds
6.2.6. IONS + WATER PPT #15
6.2.6.1. Ions
6.2.6.2. Water
6.2.6.2.1. 70% of typical cell
6.2.6.2.2. Vital for chemical activity, as ALL chemical reactions are in AQUEOUS solution.
6.2.6.2.3. Substances dissolve in water
6.2.6.2.4. Water is a reactant in chemical reactions e.g. photosynthesis
7. Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour
8. 5. Cells need to remove waste p33-34
8.1. Unwanted
8.2. toxic waste from METABOLISM
8.3. E.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, ammonia, urea, uric acid water ions and heat.
8.4. 5.a.
8.4.1. PROTEIN made from AMINO ACIDS
8.4.1.1. Cannot be stored - BROKEN DOWN by DEAMINATION to provide energy
8.4.1.1.1. Product of this process is AMMONIA
8.4.2. Water PPT #18
8.4.2.1. By-product of respiration
8.4.2.2. Waste product in CONDENSATION reactions. e.g.
8.4.2.3. Excess water impacts on OSMOSIS
8.4.3. Ions PPT #19
8.4.3.1. E.g. Salt
8.4.3.2. Metabolism may produce IONS as waste.
8.4.3.3. Seabirds and marine reptiles secrete concentrated sodium chloride (salt0 solution.
8.4.4. Metabolic Heat PPT#20
8.4.4.1. METABOLISM - chemical reactions that maintain life
8.4.4.2. These reactions produce METABOLIC HEAT.
8.4.4.3. Complex systems to remove or maintain HEAT (link to Chapter 12)
9. 6. a. PROKARYOTE CELLS - 2 of the 3 DOMAINS of living things
9.1. Diagram
9.1.1. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialised structures or compartments in a cell with a specific function).
9.1.2. Very small – 1-10 µm in length, 0.2 – 2.0µm diameter
9.1.3. Plasmids (rings of DNA) may be present.
9.1.4. Single cell
10. 6. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells (Updated)
10.1. ADDING 'ic' to ending is describing the cells of an organism, whereas 'E' is describing the organism.
10.2. PRO =NO + EU = DO
10.2.1. Nucleus
10.2.2. Organelles = 'tiny' organs
11. DOMAINS
11.1. SIMILARITIES
11.1.1. Both have DNA
11.1.2. Both have RIBOSOMES
11.1.2.1. Tiny ORGANELLE that makes protein
11.1.3. Both have CYTOPLASM
11.1.4. Both have CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE
11.1.4.1. Cell membrane controls what goes in/out of cell to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
11.1.4.1.1. Simple Membrane Structure
11.1.5. CELL WALLS
11.1.5.1. PROKARYOTIC CELLS
11.1.5.2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
11.1.5.2.1. No cell wall for ANIMAL CELLS
11.1.5.2.2. PLANT CELLS + FUNGAL CELLS have a cell wall
11.2. 6. b. EUKARYOTIC CELL PPT #27 - 33
11.2.1. ANIMAL CELL
11.2.2. PLANT CELL
11.2.3. DOMAIN
11.2.4. 8. CELL STRUCTURE + FUNCTIONS
11.2.4.1. Chloroplast PPT#43
11.2.4.1.1. Photosynthesis
11.2.4.2. Mitochondria in EUKARYOTIC cells PPT #44
11.2.4.2.1. Diagram
11.2.4.2.2. Cellular Respiration starts in CYTOPLASM and finishes in MITOCHONDRIA
11.2.4.2.3. POWERHOUSE for both animal and plant cells.
11.2.4.3. RIBOSOMES PPT #45
11.2.4.3.1. In cytoplasm or attached to ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
11.2.4.3.2. Synthesises (makes) PROTEINS
11.2.4.4. LYSOSOMES PPT #48
11.2.4.4.1. Contain digestive enzymes that break complex compounds (e.g. old organelles) into simpler ones.
11.2.4.4.2. Simpler subunits are used as building blocks for new compounds and organelles
11.2.4.4.3. Garbage collectors - take in damaged or worn out cell parts. Enzymes break down this cellular debris.
11.2.4.5. NUCLEUS
11.2.4.5.1. Contains the DNA (genetic material)
11.2.4.5.2. Contains NUCLEOLUS
11.2.4.6. CYTOPLASM
11.2.4.6.1. 'jelly'-like substance in cell
11.2.4.7. GOLGI BODY (APPARATUS)
11.2.4.7.1. Receives VESICLES (containing PROTEINS) released by ER where they are customised into forms that the cell can use
11.2.4.8. VACUOLES
11.2.4.8.1. 'Sac'-like structures
11.2.4.8.2. Stores different materials
11.2.4.9. CYTOSKELETON
11.2.4.9.1. Helps cell maintain it's shape
11.2.4.9.2. Micro-filaments and micro-tubules made of PROTEIN
11.2.4.10. CHLOROPLAST (plant cells only)
11.2.4.10.1. Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS happens
11.2.4.10.2. Contains GREEN pigment called CHLOROPHYLL
11.3. 6.c. DIFFERENCES
11.3.1. EUKARYOTIC are MORE complex
11.3.1.1. Contain a NUMBER of membrane-bound organelles
11.3.1.1.1. Enables for many reactions to happen at the same time.
11.3.1.2. Larger (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology1/chapter/comparing-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells)
11.3.1.2.1. Length Measurements
11.3.2. PRO = NO nucleus and FREE floating DNA
11.3.3. PRO = NO membrane-bound organelles