1. Gender – Three to 4 percent of women and 6 to 9 percent of men have OSA
1.1. No much changes after 6th decade of age
2. Central
2.1. airflow obstruction + abnormal respiratory effort
3. respiratory drive will fall down due to hyperventilation (over shooting)
4. It is estimated that 26 percent of adults are at high risk
5. Definition
5.1. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas and hypopneas caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep.
5.2. CHALLENGE
5.2.1. Selection
5.2.1.1. The challenge is to select the patients who are most likely to have OSA for further diagnostic evaluation
5.3. Types
5.3.1. obstructive: airflow obstruction + normal respiratory effort
5.3.1.1. more common
5.3.2. Combined
6. Epidemiology
6.1. Five hundred and seventy-eight middle-aged Saudi males with a mean age of 45.02
6.1.1. 33.3% were considered as high risk patients for OSA
6.1.2. Snoring??
6.1.3. In primary care setting, one in 3 middle-aged Saudi males is at risk for OSA.
6.1.4. USA?
6.2. 20% if AHI > 5 times/hour
6.2.1. The prevalence of OSA in the general population is approximately 20 percent if defined as an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour (the AHI is the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep)
6.3. Age – The prevalence of OSA increases from 18 to 45 years of age, with a plateau occurring at 55 to 65 years of age
6.4. Ethnicity and race – OSA is more prevalent in African Americans who are younger than 35 years old
6.4.1. USA and Asia, where is more common?
7. Presentation
7.1. Cardinal features
7.1.1. Obstructive apneas, hypopneas, or respiratory effort related arousals
7.1.2. Daytime symptoms
7.1.3. Signs of disturbed sleep (snoring)
7.2. Daytime symptoms
7.2.1. Excessive sleepyness
7.2.2. Fatigue
7.2.3. Drawsiness
7.2.4. Forgetfullness
7.2.5. Morning Headache
7.2.6. Personality Changes
7.3. Night symptoms
7.3.1. wakening during the night with choking or gasping
7.3.2. Nocturia
7.3.3. Restless sleep
7.3.4. Dry mouth
8. Sources
9. Risk factors
9.1. Old age
9.2. Chemical intake (alcohol)
9.3. Premature muscular tone loss
9.4. Increase soft tissue
9.5. Structural features that narrow the airway
9.6. Men vs Women
9.7. Genetic
9.8. Life style
9.9. Medication
9.10. Retrognathia
9.11. Large tonsils, neck, collar, tongue
9.12. Obesity
10. Pathophysiology
10.1. Physiology
10.1.1. Neural part
10.1.1.1. Brainstem nuclei coordinate (ventilatory control system)
10.1.1.1.1. ventilatory actions of upper airway muscles
10.1.1.1.2. chest wall muscles
10.1.1.1.3. the diaphragm
10.1.1.2. Phasic neural output induces cyclic increases and decreases of ventilatory muscle activation
10.1.1.2.1. series of breaths that comprise the ventilatory rhythm
10.1.2. Anatomical part
10.1.2.1. Upper airway patency is maintained by
10.1.2.1.1. bony and cartilaginous structures surrounding the naso- and oropharynx
10.1.2.1.2. twelve pairs of skeletal muscles
10.2. Pathology
10.2.1. reduced upper airway size
10.2.1.1. diminished neural output to the upper airway muscles during sleep
10.2.1.2. excess surrounding soft tissue or a highly compliant airway
10.2.2. respiratory drive is less than the threshold
10.2.2.1. for inspiratory muscle activation
10.2.2.2. and for maintaining upper airway patency during sleep
10.2.3. apnea progresses and respiratory drive increases until a threshold is passed
10.2.4. Inspiration then occurs
10.2.5. overshoot in ventilation drives down carbon dioxide levels (hyperventilation!)
10.2.6. Loop again!
10.2.6.1. the next apnea results from overcompensation for the prior apnea