1. Steps in making a tansgenic organism
1.1. Isolating the foreign gene away from the host species.
1.2. Cloning the gene into a vector plasmid.
1.3. Inserting the gene into the receiving organism.
1.4. Testing if the transgenic DNA was inserted into a chromosome.
1.5. Testing if the transginc gene is expressed.
2. Definition of Transgenic organisms
3. Materials
3.1. Target genes
3.1.1. Finding open reading frames
3.1.2. Bioinformatics analysis
3.2. Marker genes
3.3. Genetic transformation
3.4. Use of Ti plasmid
4. Applications
4.1. Vaccines made in tobacco plants
4.2. Genetically modified potatoes
4.3. Genetically modified rice
4.4. Genetically modified corn
4.5. Genetcically modified peanuts
5. New knowledge: CRISPR/Cas 9
5.1. Steps
5.1.1. Formation of the editing complex
5.1.2. Pairing with the target gene
5.1.3. Cutting the target DNA
5.1.4. Inserting a new gene
5.1.5. Production of the desired protein
5.2. Applications
5.2.1. Deleting a gene
5.2.2. Adding a new gene
5.2.3. Activating dead genes
5.2.4. Controlling gene activity level
5.3. Significance
5.3.1. Human health
5.3.2. New materials
5.3.3. Drug development
5.3.4. Research applications
5.3.5. Agriculture
5.3.6. Bioenergy
6. Controversy
6.1. How has CRISPR/Cas 9 impacted our understanding in Biotechnology?
6.1.1. Targeted editing of a wide variety of genomes is no longer an abstract hypothetical, but occurs regularly.
6.1.2. As of May, 2018, in China at least 86 individuals have had their genes altered as part of clinical trials.
6.2. Have any established values in Biotechnology changed?
6.2.1. Scientists met to examine when, where, and how the technology might be applied.
6.2.2. NASEM favored somatic genome editing, but did not permit genomic modification for any kind of enhancement.
6.2.3. Human heritable genome editing would be permissible under certain conditions.
6.3. What are/ could be the ethcial implications of it?
6.3.1. To what extent should CRISPR use be permitted for non-therapeutic purposes?
6.3.1.1. CRISPR has the potential to fortify foods efficiently for individuals who are suffering from a lack of basic nutrients. But who will benefit from the product? Will such food products be available to all who need it, and at what price?
6.3.1.2. CRISPR has unprecedented potential to directly benefit and save millions of lives by "gene drive technology". It may control and/ or alter a wide variety of animals, invasive plant pests, and reservoirs.
6.3.1.3. Is it morally permissible to use CRISPR to enhance human features such as height, muscle mass, vision, or cognitive factors like learning aptitude and memory?
6.3.2. Who should have access to CRISPR technology and /or its products?
6.3.2.1. The intial prices of CRISPR-based products are likely to be costly. Whether the high price-tag will make the CRISPR-product available to only a special class of people across societies?
6.3.2.2. CRISPR may be used to fortify foods. How might impoverieshed individuals gain access to these foods? How could companies benefit such that reaching out to these populations might be desirable and/ or lucrative? Will such foods be able to safely and successfully surpass rogue governments?