1. Economic Challenges
1.1. - Faced economic vulnerability due to limited access to Malaysia hinterland
1.1.1. - Trade decreased
1.1.1.1. WHY?
1.1.1.1.1. Malaysia increased tariffs on Singapore's exports which raised their prices
1.1.1.1.2. Malaysia reduced volume of exports (tin, rubber) to Singapore -> as Malaysia wanted to process and export these products directly from its own ports instead
1.2. - Faced economic vulnerability due to the threat of unemployment
1.2.1. - diminishing importance of job creation
1.2.1.1. WHY?
1.2.1.1.1. Entreport trade had been declining since WWII -> amid growing competition from other ports in the region
1.2.1.1.2. 1967- Closure of British Military bases (people dependent on supplying goods and services to British servicemen)
1.3. Solutions
1.3.1. Economic Diversification
1.3.1.1. bring other companies in to start their businesses -> creating more job opportunities
1.3.1.1.1. EXAMPLE?
1.3.1.2. key industries singapore developed
1.3.1.2.1. Electronics
1.3.1.2.2. Petroleum Refining
1.3.1.2.3. Ship Building and Repairs
1.3.1.2.4. Garments and Textiles
1.3.2. Development in Infrastructure
1.3.2.1. Banking and Finance
1.3.2.1.1. these services were expanded to meet the needs of MNCs and other companies
1.3.2.2. Public Utilites
1.3.2.2.1. provided water, electricity, gas to industries and households
1.3.2.3. Air Transport
1.3.2.3.1. expanded airport to handle more passengers and cargo traffic
1.3.2.4. Sea Transport
1.3.2.4.1. set up port facilities in Jurong, Semabwang, etc, to manage port operations
1.3.2.5. Land Transprt
1.3.2.5.1. constructed roads to connect industrial areas to housing estates
1.3.2.5.2. built expressway system to reduce travel time
1.3.2.6. support diversification of economy
1.3.2.6.1. attarct MNCs and other foreign investors
1.3.2.6.2. facilitate growth of manufacturing industries
1.3.2.7. Telecommunications
1.3.2.7.1. boost connectivity among industries and households
2. With the seperation from Malaysia, Singapore found itself having to deal with significant economic challenges as a newly independent nation-state
2.1. What Challenges did they have and how did they Overcome it?
3. How did SIngaporeans lives change by the end of 1970s
3.1. Changes in living standards
3.1.1. better paying jobs and better living conditions
3.1.1.1. improved quality of life
3.2. Changes in greater rootedness
3.2.1. many owned their own homes
3.2.1.1. felt a stake in SIngapore's continued success
3.2.2. higher living standards
3.2.2.1. felt rooted to the nation
4. Social Challenges
4.1. Lack of Singaporean identity
4.1.1. solutions
4.1.1.1. introduction and evolution of citizenship (citizens: pink identity card, rights, privileges, etc)
4.1.1.2. creation of national smbols (flag, national anthem, etc)
4.1.1.3. forging of national identity in schools (singing national anthem, recitng pledge)
4.2. Poor living conditions in areas of housing
4.2.1. rapid population growth -> shortage of housing
4.2.2. many lived in cramped shophouses, squatter settlements, kampongs
4.2.2.1. lacked basic facilities (running water, electricity, etc)
4.2.2.2. highly flammable
4.2.3. solutions
4.2.3.1. Providing public housing
4.2.3.1.1. HDB was set-up
4.2.3.1.2. more flats were constructed
4.2.3.1.3. CPF to ensure population could afford housing
4.3. Education was insuffiecient to meet the population growth
4.3.1. solutions
4.3.1.1. Strenghten the education system
4.3.1.1.1. bilingual policy: break language barriers (english and mother tongue)
4.3.1.1.2. greater emphasis on technical subjects: knowledge and skills to enter workforce
4.3.1.1.3. equal opportunities to boys and girls to go to school
4.4. Poor public health standards
4.4.1. Risk of flooding
4.4.1.1. led to widespread of diseases (dengue/cholera)
4.4.1.1.1. solution: building drains to control floods
4.4.2. Living condiitons
4.4.2.1. people lived in squatter settlements near waterways -> risk sewage/pollutants contaminating water supply
4.4.2.1.1. solution: rehoused in HDB/clean SG River
4.4.3. Air pollution
4.4.3.1. increased industrial activity in Singapore -> polluted air/health problems
4.4.3.1.1. solution: regulate emissions of pollutants in the air
4.4.4. Hawker hygiene
4.4.4.1. lacked proper hygiene food preparation/waste disposal -> increase risk of food poisoning
4.4.4.1.1. solution: all hawkers had to be registered and licensed
4.4.5. Public cleanliness
4.4.5.1. rubbish dumbed on streets -> more pests encourages breeding of diseases
4.4.5.1.1. solution: littereing were punishable
4.4.6. Further measures
4.4.6.1. health campaigns
4.4.6.1.1. increase awarness
4.4.6.2. improve medical facilities
4.4.6.2.1. urgent need of medical care would get prompt treatments
4.4.6.3. vaccinations
4.4.6.3.1. health check-ups for students
4.4.6.3.2. improve maternal and child healthcare