TCA

1. Oxalacetate

1.1. Amphibolic : Amino Acid Synthsis Anaplerotic reaction : Replenished by Aspartate

1.2. Pyruvate

1.2.1. Amino Acids

2. Malate

2.1. NAD is reduced to NADH + H 1. Product Inhibition due to an increase in NADH 2. Amphibolic : During fasting - Gluconeogenesis (Gluconeogenic precursors are converted to malate which leaves the mitochondria to enter the pathway of gluconeogenesis in the cytsol)

3. Citrate

3.1. Amphibolic : can be used for fatty acid synthesis

4. Isocitrate

4.1. NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ 1. Allosteric activation through an Increase in ADP 2. Allosteric Inhibition through an Increase in NADH

5. α-Ketoglutarate

5.1. NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H(+) 1. Product Inhibition due to Increase of NADH Amphibolic : Amino acid synthesis and acts as a neurotransmitter

6. Succinyl-CoA

6.1. GDP + Pi = GTP , later forming ATP - Substrate Level Phosphorylation Amphibolic : Heme Synthesis

6.2. Propionyl CoA

6.2.1. Odd-chain fatty acid

6.2.2. Valine isoleucine Location : Usually in the brain , skeletal muscle and heart

7. Fumarate

7.1. Anaplerotic reactions : Replenished by Amino Acids

8. Acetyl CoA

9. ß-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

9.1. Palmitic Acid

9.1.1. Palmitoyl CoA

9.1.1.1. Palmitioyl CoA (Activated Fatty Acid) is Transported through the inner mitochondrial into the matrix of the mitochondria through Carnitine Transporter (Regulated by Malonyl CoA in Cytosol) - Fatty Acids Oxidised in the Matrix of the Mitochondria - ß-Oxidation of fatty acids occurs with long chain fatty acids and fatty acids wtih even numbers

10. Enzyme Responsible for Activation of Fatty Acid : Acetyl-CoA Synthatase Location of Enzyme : 1. On Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. On Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Purpose 1. Esterification of Triacyglycerol or Membrane Lipids 2. Responsible for activation of fatty

11. PFK-2

12. 2,3 BPG (Bisphosphoglycerate

13. Lactate Dehydrogenase (Enzyme)

13.1. Lactate

14. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

15. Ribose 5-Phosphate

15.1. Used for : Nucleotide synthesis

16. Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

16.1. Ribulose 5-Phosphate

16.1.1. Xylulose 5-Phosphate

17. 1,3 bis-Phosphoglycerate

17.1. 3-Phosphoglycerate

17.1.1. 2-Phosphoglycerate

17.1.1.1. Phosphoenol-Pyruvate

17.1.1.1.1. Pyruvate

18. PFK-1

19. Hexokinase

20. DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone)

21. Glycolysis

21.1. Glucose 6-P

21.1.1. Fructose 6-P

21.1.1.1. Fructose 1,6 Bis-P

21.1.1.1.1. Glyceraldehyde 3-P

22. Succinate

22.1. FAD is reduced to FAD(2H) 1. Succinate Dehydrogenase originates from the Inner Membrane