1. Types
1.1. Health Behavior
1.1.1. to stay healthy
1.2. Illness Behavior
1.2.1. what one does when not feeling well
1.3. Sickness Behavior
1.3.1. really sick = needs extra care
2. Stage Model
2.1. Basic Properties
2.1.1. Classification System
2.1.2. Ordering Stages
2.1.3. Same Stage Similar Barriers
2.1.4. Different Stage Face Different Barriers
2.2. Stage Model of Behavior Applied in Health Psychology
2.2.1. Stages of Change Model
2.2.1.1. Prochaska and Diclemente
2.2.1.2. 18 therapies
2.2.1.3. eliciting and maintaining change
2.2.1.4. Components
2.2.1.4.1. Pre-Contemplation
2.2.1.4.2. Contemplation
2.2.1.4.3. Preparation
2.2.1.4.4. Action
2.2.1.4.5. Maintenance
2.2.1.5. Decisional balance
2.2.1.5.1. weigh pros and cons/ costs and benefits
2.2.1.6. Revolving Door Schema
2.2.1.6.1. move back at times/ relapse
2.2.1.7. Support
2.2.1.7.1. smoking cessation
2.2.1.7.2. alcohol use
2.2.1.7.3. exercise and screening behavior
2.2.1.8. Criticism
2.2.1.8.1. Difficulty in determining behavior change stages.
2.2.1.8.2. Lack of qualitative difference between stages.
2.2.1.8.3. Rapid changes between stages.
2.2.1.8.4. Intervention effectiveness possibly due to perceived attention.
2.2.1.8.5. Limitations of cross-sectional study designs.
2.2.1.8.6. Complexity of Stage Concept, suggesting separate measurement for variables such as: current behavior, quit attempts, intention to change, time since quitting.
2.2.1.8.7. Focus on conscious decision-making and stable planning.
2.2.2. Health Action Process Approach
2.2.2.1. Schwarzer, 1992
2.2.2.2. temporal element
2.2.2.3. individuals initially decide first, then plan to initiate or maintain behaviors
2.2.2.4. element of self-efficacy as a determinant of
2.2.2.4.1. behavioral intentions
2.2.2.4.2. self-reports of behavior
2.2.2.5. Main Components:
2.2.2.5.1. Decision-making/ Motivational Stage
2.2.2.5.2. Action/ Maintenance Stage
2.2.2.6. end result of the process is an intention to act
2.2.2.7. Support
2.2.2.7.1. Schwarzer claimed that self-efficacy was consistently the best predictor of behavioral intentions and behavior change
2.2.2.8. Criticisms
3. Social Cognitive Models
3.1. examine predictors and precursors to health behaviors
3.2. drawn upon utility theory and Bandura's social cognition theory
3.3. behavior results from weighing up the costs and benefits of any given action
3.4. behavior is governed by
3.4.1. expectancies
3.4.1.1. situation outcome expectancies
3.4.1.1.1. behavior may be dangerous
3.4.1.2. outcome expectancies
3.4.1.2.1. behavior can reduce the harm to health
3.4.1.3. self-efficacy expectancies
3.4.1.3.1. individual is capable of carrying out desired behavior
3.4.2. incentives
3.4.2.1. behavior is governed by its consequences
3.4.3. social cognitions
3.4.3.1. reflect the individual's representations of their social world
3.5. Health Belief Model
3.5.1. Core Beliefs
3.5.1.1. Susceptibility to Illness
3.5.1.1.1. how likely something is to happen to you
3.5.1.2. Severity of Illness
3.5.1.2.1. how bad it could get
3.5.1.3. Costs Involved
3.5.1.3.1. barriers/ obstacles
3.5.1.4. Benefits
3.5.1.4.1. pros
3.5.1.5. Cues to Action
3.5.1.5.1. internal
3.5.1.5.2. external
3.5.1.6. Health Motivation
3.5.1.6.1. readiness to be concerned about health
3.5.1.7. Perceived Control
3.5.1.7.1. awareness/ confidence na kaya mong i-control yung behavior
3.5.2. Support
3.5.2.1. Cases related to individual's perception of susceptibility to related health problems, severity of problem, and benefits > costs.
3.5.2.1.1. dietary compliance
3.5.2.1.2. safe sex
3.5.2.1.3. having vaccinations
3.5.2.1.4. regular dental visits
3.5.2.1.5. taking part in regular exercise
3.5.2.2. Perceived Barriers
3.5.2.2.1. greatest predictors of clinic attendance
3.5.3. Criticisms
3.5.3.1. conflicting results
3.5.3.2. focus on conscious processing
3.5.3.3. emphasis on the individual
3.5.3.4. interrelationship between different core beliefs
3.5.3.5. absence of emotional factors such as fear and denial
3.5.3.6. alternative factors may predict health behavior
3.5.3.7. static approach to health beliefs
3.6. Protection Motivation Theory
3.6.1. developed by R.W. Rogers
3.6.2. how fear affects decision
3.6.3. Components
3.6.3.1. related to threat appraisal
3.6.3.1.1. Fear
3.6.3.1.2. Severity
3.6.3.1.3. Susceptibility
3.6.3.2. related to intrapersonalcoping appraisal
3.6.3.2.1. Responsive Effectiveness
3.6.3.2.2. Self-Efficacy
3.6.4. types of sources of information
3.6.4.1. environmental
3.6.4.2. intrapersonal
3.6.5. applied to dietary change = adaptive coping response
3.6.6. Support
3.6.6.1. best predictors of intentions to practice BSE
3.6.6.1.1. response effectiveness
3.6.6.1.2. severity
3.6.6.1.3. self-efficacy
3.6.6.2. to predict children's adherence to use an eye patch
3.6.6.2.1. perceived susceptibility
3.6.6.2.2. reponse costs
3.6.6.3. predict physical activity in adults with Type 1 diabetes
3.6.6.3.1. severity
3.6.6.3.2. self-efficacy
3.6.7. Criticisms
3.6.7.1. does not account for habitual behaviors, and social and environment factors
3.7. Theory of Reasoned Action
3.7.1. attitudes
3.7.2. subjective norms
3.7.3. emphasize that behavioral intentions are important precursors to actual behavior
3.8. Theory of Planned Behavior
3.8.1. attitudes
3.8.2. subjective norms
3.8.3. behavioral control
3.8.4. emphasize that behavioral intentions are important precursors to actual behavior
3.8.5. Components
3.8.5.1. Attitude towards a behavior
3.8.5.1.1. positive or negative
3.8.5.2. Subjective norm
3.8.5.2.1. social norms
3.8.5.3. Perceived behavioral control
3.8.5.3.1. belief that an individual can do something about it
3.8.5.3.2. consideration of both internal and external factors
3.8.6. Support
3.8.6.1. alcohol consumption
3.8.6.2. condom use
3.8.6.3. blood transfusion
3.8.6.4. organ donation
3.8.6.5. predict smoking
3.8.6.6. exercise during pregnancy
3.8.7. Criticisms
3.8.7.1. addresses social and environmental factors with normative belief
3.8.7.2. incorporates past behavior in perceived behavioral control
3.8.7.3. criticized for construct, testing methods, and predictive ability
4. Assumptions in Health Psychology
4.1. Human beings as rational information processors.
4.2. Cognitions as separate from each other.
4.3. Cognitions as separate from methodology.
4.4. Cognitions without a context.
5. Integrating Models
5.1. eight key variables that account for most of the variance in any given deliberative behavior
5.1.1. directly impact upon behavior
5.1.1.1. environmental constraints
5.1.1.2. intention
5.1.1.3. skills
5.1.2. relate to the intention
5.1.2.1. self-discrepancy
5.1.2.2. advantages/ disadvantages
5.1.2.3. social pressure
5.1.2.4. self-efficacy
5.1.2.5. emotional reaction