1. Renaissance Worldview. The renaissance began as a adaption of Medieval worldviews and its initial target was as a campaign for medieval Latin.
1.1. Humanists unearthed old Greek and Classical works, looked to a more secular view of society, put the emphasis back on man as an entity
1.2. Humanists perfected a linguistic science called philology, the study of vocabulary and usage.
2. Worldviews
3. Counter-reformation
3.1. Catholic response to Luther was slow
3.2. The Count of Trent meets under Paul III to reaffirm the corpus of medieval law. It pushed bishops into cities and strengthened their authority.
3.3. Roman Inquisition, Roman Index of Prohibited Books.
3.4. The Jesuits under Ignatius Loyola fanned across Europe.
3.5. The counter-reformation was overall quite successful.
4. Reformation
4.1. Martin Luther was unhappy with indulgences and the practice of buying salvation.
4.2. 1517: Luther nails 95 Theses on Church of Wittenberg door
4.3. Protestanism allowed church folk to marry, stripped away medieval heritage
4.4. Charles V calls Diet of Worms to summon Luther
4.5. Calvinism, a separate Protestanist movement springs up. Calvinism is less hierarchical, is origin of English Puritans ("puritanical"); believes in predestination.
4.6. Anabaptists, a third group of Protestants with very little regard for hierarchy, travelled across Europe and later across the world.
5. Sixteenth-century Politics
5.1. Spain
5.1.1. Continent was under partial Spanish hegemony until early 17th century.
5.1.2. Spain was a divided kingdom
5.1.3. Success came with its colonies in the New World.
5.1.4. Charles V split his kingdom and put Spain and the Netherlands together and his successor faced problems of religious division.
5.2. France
5.2.1. War of Religions: Huguenots (Calvinists) vs. Catholics
5.2.2. Saint Bartholomew's Massacre killed many Huguenots
5.2.3. Henri IV of Bourbon enacts the Edict of Nantes, grants Huguenots immunity and says "Paris is worth a mass"
5.3. England
5.3.1. Henry VIII splits the Church and forms Anglican Protestanism because he cannot divorce his wife.
5.3.2. Henry's successor, Elizabeth I, defeats her Catholic older sister Bloody Mary for the throne, and rules for long years.
5.3.2.1. conquers Spanish Armada
5.3.3. Civil War happens in 1642 that unseats and beheads Charles I, leading to a Calvinist republic
5.4. Italy
5.4.1. Italy is not a singular state.; consisted mainly of city-states such as Venice, Milan, Florence
5.5. Germany
5.5.1. Was under rule in Hapsburg lands by Holy Roman Emperor.
5.5.2. Peace of Augsburg enacted by Charles V: "he who holds power holds religion."
5.5.3. In 1618, Germany slips into the 30 Years War
5.6. Netherlands
5.6.1. "low countries" where many traders met; 17 provinces
5.6.2. Fought against Spanish rule
5.7. Ottoman Empire
5.7.1. Muslim state feared by Europe
5.7.2. Had a civil service mainly made up of slaves, children of Christian mothers converted to Islam; the Janissaries were also slaves; the Turks also tolerated the practice of other faiths
5.8. Muscovy
5.8.1. Ivan the Terrible undercuts power of the old boyar nobility
6. The Big Picture
7. Ambitions of the State
7.1. Chief ambitions were to raise money, make war, feed the court, and do justice
7.2. Justice elevated rulers and kept the peace but attempts at it were largely haphazard.
8. Medieval Worldview
8.1. 1. Notion of a Divine Plan 2. Great Chain of Being; this thinking traces back to Plato and his followers 3. Dualism: a Platonic idea, spirit, soul, intellect and reason gave shape and nobility to unruly matter. In Christian eyes, our physical bodies incited us to sin. 4. Allegory: reading a material thing to find the higher spiritual or moral meaning behind it. 5. Providence: mere accidents seldom happen 6. Teleology: from Aristotle, all things have a telos, or inherent purpose
9. Art
9.1. Linear perspective (Da Vinci, Raphael)
10. The Renaissance Man: one who is learned in all the arts and sciences e.g. Da Vinci
11. The Growth of Science "demystification of the world"
12. Renaissance
12.1. Print: Gutenberg invents movable type
12.1.1. Books become affordable, vernacular language is used, news and propaganda is fostered; still, only a small portion of men can read.
13. Blaise Pascal was also a mystic
14. Skepticism by Montaigne, the inventor of the essay.
14.1. Materialist philosophy
15. Northern Renaissance
15.1. Piety and mysticism.
15.2. Erasmus: Europe's first public intellectual.
15.2.1. Erasmianism (of or pertaining to or. influenced by Erasmus) blended Humanism with piety.
15.3. Thomas More: english lawyer who writes Utopia
15.4. Writing in vernacular: William Shakespeare
16. High Renaissance in Rome: the patronage moves from Florence to Rome
16.1. Castiglione writes The Courtier, a work on the skills and values of a good courtier
16.2. Macchiavelli writes The Prince, an analysis of power and how to be a good leader.
17. Social hierarchy
17.1. Inequality is good
17.1.1. New node
17.2. Feudalist views
17.2.1. A method of governing in which land is central
17.2.2. Lords held fiefs, had power to tax, to judge, to run the local markets; power inherited
17.2.2.1. Heriditary powers
17.3. Great chain of being
18. Demography: Malthusian Equilibrium Fertility = Mortality
19. Families and Friends
19.1. Family: a unit of economic production, education, and self-governance
19.2. Property was a bedrock
20. Religion: an everyday part of life
20.1. Christian ethics: self-denial like Christ "put others first", love of one's neighbours
20.1.1. New node
20.2. - Served three purposes providence, salvation and community
21. The Honour Code:
21.1. Be proud, not humble.
21.2. Be rich, not poor.
21.3. At conflict with religious views.
22. A Dangerous World
22.1. Disease: fast-moving
22.1.1. Typhus, smallpox, typhoid
22.1.2. Bubonic plague (1347)
22.2. Famine
22.3. Violence and chaotic wars Banditry
23. A Revolution in the Military
23.1. Medieval Times
23.1.1. Armoured knights on horseback
23.1.2. Stone Castle
23.2. Gunpowder changed medieval times
23.2.1. Cannon was invented
23.3. In response to the cannon: star-shaped, bastioned fortresses were created
23.3.1. Kingston, Quebec, Louisburg, etc