1.1. Participants: .Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria,Greece, Montenegro) .Ottoman Empire
1.2. Key Events: Oct 1912: War begins Dec 3, 1912: Armistice Jan 1913: Young Turks coup, war resumes May 30, 1913: London Peace Treaty
1.3. Outcomes Ottoman Empire loses most European territory Macedonia divided among allies Albanian independence
2. Second Balkan War (1913)
2.1. Participants Bulgaria vs Serbia, Greece, Romania, Ottoman Empire
2.2. Key Events June 29-30, 1913: Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece July 11, 1913: Romania enters war July 12, 1913: Ottoman Empire re-enters war July 30, 1913: Armistice Aug 10, 1913: Peace treaty signed
3. Outcomes Greece and Serbia divide most of Macedonia Bulgaria left with small part of Macedonia
4. Consequences
4.1. Territorial Changes Greece gains southern Macedonia and Crete Serbia gains Kosovo and parts of Macedonia Albania becomes independent
4.2. Political Shifts Austria-Hungary weakened Bulgaria aligns with Austria-Hungary Romania moves towards Triple Entente Turkey reorganizes army with German help
4.3. Increased Tensions Between Austria-Hungary and Serbia Sets stage for World War I
5. Connection to World War I
5.1. Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914)
