1. scaffolding of ideas, incorporating new ideas and prior knowledge to create new meaning, learning is relevant to real world complexities, student-centered, experiential learning, critical thinking and problem solving
8.2. bridge between behaviorist theory and cognitivist theory, mediated, behavior is learned from observational learning, attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reward
8.3. peer coaching, modeled behavior, real-play, simulations, group projects, group activities
9. Social Reproduction
10. Troublesome Learning
11. differentiated instruction, making connections to personal experiences, group assignments, open-ended discussions
12. Behaviorism
12.1. Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner
12.2. stimulus-response, classic conditioning, Operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, observable and measurable
12.3. rote learning, recalling facts, drill and practice exercises, lectures, multiple choice tests, learners are passive
13. Humanism
13.1. Maslow, Rogers, Bugental
13.2. Hierarchy of needs, self concept, free will, making personal connections, learning focuses on human development and personal growth
14. Cognitivism
14.1. Piaget, Gagne, Vygotsky
14.2. information is brought in, processed, and put into memory; schema may be combined, altered, or extended to process new information