1. Standard German
1.1. Official status
1.1.1. Germany
1.1.2. Switzerland
1.1.3. Austria
1.1.4. Belgium
1.1.5. Luxembourg
1.1.6. Sopron (Hungary)
1.1.7. Krahule (Slovakia)
1.1.8. Romania
1.1.9. Vatican Swiss Guard (Italy)
1.2. German as a foreign language
2. History
2.1. Origins
2.2. Modern German
2.3. Reform of 1996 and beyond
3. Ortography
3.1. Present
3.2. Past
4. Phonology
4.1. Vowels
4.2. Consonants
4.2.1. Spellings
4.2.1.1. C
4.2.1.2. CH
4.2.1.3. DSCH
4.2.1.4. F
4.2.1.5. H
4.2.1.6. J
4.2.1.7. L
4.2.1.8. Q
4.2.1.9. R
4.2.1.10. S
4.2.1.11. ß
4.2.1.12. SCH
4.2.1.13. TION
4.2.1.14. V
4.2.1.15. W
4.2.1.16. Y
4.2.1.17. Z
4.2.2. Shifts
5. Dialects
5.1. Low German
5.1.1. Sleswkkian
5.1.2. Holsatian
5.1.3. North Low Saxon
5.1.4. Dutch Low Saxon
5.1.5. Pomeranian
5.1.6. Margravian
5.1.6.1. North
5.1.6.2. Central
5.2. Central German
5.2.1. Ripuarian
5.2.2. Moselle Franconian
5.2.3. Luxemburgish
5.2.4. Hessian
5.3. High German
5.3.1. East Franconian
5.3.2. South Franconian
5.3.3. Swabian
5.3.4. Alsatian
5.3.5. High/highest Alemannic
5.3.6. Bavarian
5.3.6.1. North
5.3.6.2. Central
5.3.6.3. Southern
5.4. German dialects versus varieties of standard German
6. Geographic distribution
6.1. Europe
6.1.1. Germany
6.1.2. Austria
6.1.3. Switzerland
6.1.4. Liechtenstein
6.1.5. Luxembourg
6.1.6. Italy
6.1.7. Denmark
6.1.8. France
6.1.9. Belgium
6.2. Overseas
6.2.1. Namibia
6.2.2. Canada
6.2.3. Mexico
6.2.4. South Africa
6.2.5. South America
6.2.6. Australia
6.2.7. USA
6.3. Internet
7. Grammar
7.1. Noun inflection
7.2. Verb inflection
7.2.1. Verb prefixes
7.2.1.1. Separable prefixes
7.3. Word order
7.3.1. Auxiliary verbs
7.3.2. Modal verbs
7.3.3. Multiple infinitives
8. Vocabulary
9. Cognates with English
10. Words borrowed by English
11. Promotion of German language
11.1. Goethe Institut
11.1.1. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
11.2. Deutsche Welle
11.2.1. British BBC World Service