1. Motivation
1.1. definiton
1.1.1. the drive to satisfy a need and the reason why people behave the way they do
1.2. 2 basic types of motivation
1.2.1. Intrinsic motivation
1.2.1.1. motivation that involves internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort.
1.2.2. Extrinsic motivation
1.2.2.1. the use of external incentives such as rewards and punishment.
2. Theories of Motivation
2.1. 1) Evolutionary (emphasis on instincts and drive)
2.2. 2) Behaviourist (emphasis on extrinsic reward)
2.3. 3) Cognitive (emphasis on intrinsic thoughts)
2.4. 4) Humanistic (depends on where you are on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).
3. Evolutionary Understanding of Motivation
3.1. This definition of motivation emphasizes an evolutionary theory of motivation.
3.2. Drive
3.2.1. an internal arousal condition that directs an organism to satisfy physiological needs.
3.3. Need
3.3.1. a state of physiological imbalance usually accompanied by arousal.
4. Evolutionary approach
4.1. Drive theory-
4.1.1. an explanation of behaviour that assumes that an organism is motivated to act because of a need to attain, re-establish balance, or maintain some goal that aids survival.
4.1.2. A goal of homeostasis.
4.2. Homeostasis
4.2.1. a tendency to attempt to maintain a constant state of inner stability or balance.
5. Drive Theory
5.1. definition
5.1.1. When people face competing motives, they may experience conflict.
5.2. Conflict
5.2.1. the emotional state or condition that arises when a person must choose between two or more competing motives, behaviours, or impulses.
5.2.2. There are 3 types of conflicts:
5.2.2.1. approach-approach conflict
5.2.2.2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
5.2.2.3. Approach-avoidance conflict
6. Conflicts
6.1. Approach-approach conflict
6.1.1. conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives.
6.1.1.1. Example: Choosing between two of your favourite meals at a restaurant.
6.2. Avoidance- avoidance conflict
6.2.1. conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives.
6.2.1.1. Example: choosing to clean your car or room (assuming you don’t like to clean).
6.3. Approach-avoidance conflict
6.3.1. conflict that results when facing a single alternative that has both attractive and unappealing aspects.
6.3.1.1. Example: Going out with friends (+) will result in no time to study for a midterm (-).
7. Over Justification Effect
7.1. the decrease in likelihood that an intrinsically motivated task, after having been extrinsically rewarded, will be performed when the reward is no longer given.
7.2. when people receive extrinsic rewards for behaviours they find intrinsically interesting: They become less motivated to perform those behaviours.
8. Aspirations
8.1. a hope or ambition of achieving something.
8.2. Aspirations occur prior to the behaviour.
9. Flow
9.1. occurs when we have combination of a high level of of perceived skill and a high level of perceived challenge.
9.2. is the experience of becoming completely and pleasurably absorbed in an intrinsically motivated behaviour. Opposite of Apathy
9.3. Apathy (opposite of flow)
9.3.1. lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
10. Yerkes Dobson Law
10.1. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.
11. Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident)
12. Emotion
12.1. Definition
12.1.1. emotion are the mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences.
12.2. The five factors of personality traits
12.2.1. Openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). ...
12.2.2. Conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). ...
12.2.3. Extraversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). ...
12.2.4. Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. challenging/detached).
13. Basic Emotions
13.1. Paul Ekman
13.1.1. discovered the original six basic emotions which were: Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happines, Sadness, Surprise
13.2. Robert Plutchik
13.2.1. suggested there were 8 basic emotions.
13.2.1.1. 1) Fear → feeling of being afraid, frightened,scared .
13.2.1.2. 2) Anger → feeling angry. A stronger word for anger is rage
13.2.1.3. 3) Sadness → feeling sad. Other words are sorrow, grief (a stronger feeling, for example when someone has died)
13.2.1.4. 4) Joy → feeling happy. Other words are happiness, gladness
13.2.1.5. 5) Disgust → feeling something is wrong or nasty
13.2.1.6. 6) Surprise → being unprepared for something
13.2.1.7. 7) Trust → a positive emotion; admiration is stronger; acceptance is weaker.
13.2.1.8. 8) Anticipation → in the sense of looking forward positively to something which is going to happen. Expectation is more neutral.
14. Theories
14.1. James-Lange Theory
14.1.1. This theory states that our emotions are caused by our interpretation of bodily reactions.
14.2. Cannon-Bard Theory
14.2.1. This theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.
14.3. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
14.3.1. This theory states that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label.
14.4. Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational Theory
14.4.1. This theory states that the stimulus leads to a personal meaning derived from cognition, leading to both arousal and the emotion.
15. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
15.1. Definition
15.1.1. the ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and applying this information to our daily lives.
15.2. According to Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence is made up of 4 factors:
15.2.1. 1) Self awareness →is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals.
15.2.2. 2) Self-regulation→is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one's own thoughts, behaviors, and feelings to reach goals.
15.2.3. 3) Empathy → is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position.
15.2.4. 4) Skilled relationship →The ability, skills, tools, knowledge, knowing and understanding to create, communicate, evolve, grow, trust and maintain a relationship.
16. Emotion and Behaviour
16.1. our emotions drive our behaviour, it can be good to the point it saves your life and bad as an impulsive way.
17. Sternberg's Love Triangle
17.1. this triangle is made up of 3 factors:
17.1.1. 1) Intimacy → close familiarity or friendship; closeness. Ex. Liking
17.1.2. 2) Commitment → the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc.ex. Empty love
17.1.3. 3) Passion → strong and barely controllable emotion.ex. Infatuation
17.2. a combination between the factors lead to 3 other subfactors
17.2.1. fatuous love → passion + commitment
17.2.2. companionate love → intimacy + commitment
17.2.3. romantic love → passion + intimacy
18. Attraction
18.1. 3 main Attraction factors
18.1.1. Similarity
18.1.2. Proximity
18.1.3. Familiarity
18.2. other factors that impact attraction
18.2.1. Competency
18.2.1.1. the pratfall effect → is the tendency for attractiveness to increase or decrease after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived ability to perform well in a general sense.
18.2.1.2. The Matthew Principle → “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.”
18.2.2. Physical Attractiveness
18.2.2.1. Frizzy Wig Experiment