1. German backing for austria was crucially important
2. events leading to outbreak of war
2.1. Moroccan crisis 1905-06
2.2. British Government with Russia
2.2.1. Antagonized Germany with its belief of encirclement
2.3. Bosnia crisis 1908
2.3.1. serbia remained bitterly hostile to austria
2.3.2. russian were determined to avoid any further humiliation and embarked upon massive military buildup and modernisation of army
2.4. the agadir crisis 1911
2.5. the first Balkan war 1912
2.6. second balkan war 1913
2.7. Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
3. why did central power lose the war?
3.1. Schlieffen Plan failed= Germany has to face war on two fronts
3.2. Allies sea power was decisive = enforced deadly blocked = desperate food shortage among civilian population and crippled exports
3.3. german submarine campaign failed in the face of convoys protected by British, American and Japanese destroyers
3.3.1. also brought USA into war
3.4. Entry of USA
3.5. allied political leaders more competent then of Central powers
3.6. continuous strain of heavy losses on germans
3.6.1. also epidemic of deadly spanish flue
3.7. Germany was badly let down by her allies and was constantly having to help out the Austrians and Bulgarians
4. problems of making a peace settlement
4.1. war aims
4.1.1. Woodrow Wilson declared war aims in his 14 points
4.1.2. when war started none of the participants had definite idea about what they wanted to achieve except Austria -Hungry
4.2. differing allied views about how to treat the defeated powers
4.2.1. france wanted harsh peace to destroy germany
4.2.2. Britain was in favor of less severe settlement
4.2.3. USA was in favour of lenient peace= wanted just peace
5. Treaty of Versailles
5.1. terms
5.1.1. Germany had to loose territory in Europe
5.1.1.1. Alsace lorraine to france
5.1.1.2. North schleswig to Denmark
5.1.1.3. West prussia and posen to Poland
5.1.1.4. Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia given to germany by Russia were taken back from germany. Self determination implemented and these three territories were made independent
5.1.2. Germany's african territories were taken away and became mandate under league of nations
5.1.3. German armaments were strictly limited to 1 lac troops and no conscription, no tanks, no armoured cars etc
5.1.4. war guilt clause
5.1.5. germany was to pay reparations for damage done to allies= 6600 million pounds
5.1.6. A league of nations was formed
5.2. Problems
5.2.1. dictated peace
5.2.2. many provisions not based on 14 points
5.2.3. loss of territory in europe
5.2.3.1. Principle of ""all nationalities should have right to choose which country they want to belong"" was violated for Germans as a million germans were under Polish rule and 3 million under Czechoslovakia
5.2.3.1.1. unification was forbidden because that would have made germany larger and more powerful even than in 1914
5.2.4. loss of germany's african colonies
5.2.5. disarmament clauses were deeply resented
5.2.6. war guilt clause
5.2.7. reparations
5.2.7.1. too much impossible to pay for germans
5.2.7.1.1. actually done by allies to pay back war debts to USA
6. causes
6.1. the alliance systems
6.2. colonial rivalry in africa and far east
6.3. the naval race between Britain and germany
6.4. Economic rivalry
6.5. Russia made war more likely by supporting Serbia
6.6. Mobilisation plans of great powers
6.7. a tragedy of miscalculations
7. why war lasted so long?
7.1. two sides were fairly evenly balanced
7.2. other countries not part of original alliance system also joined the wa
7.2.1. in hope of gaining new territories
7.2.2. turkey bulgaria joined the central powers
7.2.3. USA, Japan joined the allied powers
7.3. to make it more complex troops form british empire also played part in the fighting
7.4. individual strategic causes of nations
7.4.1. Germany aimed to take territory poland in east and beligum in west to make it buffer zones against russia and france
7.4.2. french were obsessed with taking back Alsace-Lorraine
7.4.3. Austria Hungry was desperate to protect their empire against ambitions odd Serbia
7.4.4. Britain didn't want belgium to be controlled by Germany
7.5. propaganda helped to motivate and encourage general public as well as military through media, films etc.
7.6. defeat of Russia encouraged the german generals to continue struggle
8. divided europe into states which wanted to revise the settlement
9. Italy felt cheated as she did not received territory promised to her in 1915
10. effects of war
10.1. women had to take places of men in factories and other positions as most men were away in armed forces
10.2. appalling death toll among armed forces
10.2.1. 2 million germans
10.2.2. 1.7 million russians
10.2.3. 1.5 million French
10.3. Germany= hardship and defeat caused revolution=Wiemar republic came = scio-eco-pol problem== Hitler became chancellor
10.4. Habsburg empire collapsed completely
10.5. Pressure of war caused two revolutions in Russia
10.5.1. Feb revolution overthrew Tsar
10.5.2. October revolution brought Lenin and Bolsheviks to power
10.6. Italy= war caused drain of resources ==heavily debt==Mussolini took advantage of govt situation and took over control==first fascist dictatorship
10.7. Japan, China and USA took advantage of war in Europe and expanded their their trade==japan and china began their own programme of industrialization
10.8. US President Woodrow Wilson= League of Nations==collective security
11. why USA entered war?
11.1. German U boat Compaign
11.2. German encouragement to Mexico to attack USA
12. Impact of of USA entry
12.1. contribution to allied victory
12.2. supplied Britain and France food, merchant ships and credit
12.3. psychological boost which American potential in resources of men and materials gave to allies and corresponding blow it gave to German morale
13. peace treaties with austria and hungry
13.1. treaty of st germain to deal with Austria
13.1.1. Austria lost many territories
13.2. treaty of Trianon dealing with hungry
13.3. both treaties contained league of nations convent
13.4. this treaty followed spirit of self determination
13.4.1. people were placed under the government of their own nationality
13.4.1.1. a
13.4.2. although not as Wilson would have liked ; in Hungry and Poland
13.5. Problems
13.5.1. Austria
13.5.1.1. Its population was reduced from 22 mn to 6.5 mn
13.5.1.2. its industrial wealth lost to czechokoslovakia and poland
13.5.1.3. austria went in economic crisis had to take load from League of nations
13.5.2. Hungry
13.5.2.1. population reduced from 21 mn to 7.5 mn
13.5.2.2. richest corn land lost to romania
13.5.2.3. new industrial introduced tariffs which=hampered flow of trade= hampered economic recovery of austria
14. treaty of Sevres dealing with Turkey
14.1. Terms
14.1.1. lost many territory regions to Italy
14.1.2. strait were to be permanently open
14.2. Problems
14.2.1. loss of so much territory to greece specially Smyrna outraged Turkish national feeling
14.2.1.1. Turks rejected treaty and chased Greece out of Smyrna
14.2.2. Treaty was revised through New treaty of Lausanne
14.2.2.1. Turkey was first state to challenge paris settlement successfully
14.2.2.2. turkey gained eastern thrace and Constantinople
15. Treaty of Neuilly , dealing with Bulgaria
15.1. Terms
15.1.1. lost territory to greece, romania and yugoslavia