1. all living languages change, though the rate of change varies from time to time and from language to language
2. English Periods
2.1. Old English (beginning to about 1100 D.C)
2.1.1. Late old English (900-1100)
2.1.2. Grammar Phenomena
2.1.2.1. Noun-plural endings in -is
2.1.2.2. Past Participle ending in -n
2.1.2.3. Verb Past tense ending in -ide
2.1.2.4. Vern Plural Endings in -en or -n
2.1.2.5. i vs j
2.1.2.6. U vs V
2.2. Middle English (1100- 1500)
2.3. Modern English (1500-Present Day)
2.3.1. Early Modern English (1500.1650)
3. Changes or modifications
3.1. Words Modifications
3.1.1. Unfamiliar Words
3.1.2. replaced by words derived from the French after the Norman Conquest
3.1.2.1. New words appearing
3.1.2.2. Old words dissapearing
3.2. Words have changed in meaning
3.3. Grammatical Ending Changed
3.3.1. Dative Case
3.3.2. words Change their meaning according to their grammatical function in the sentence
3.4. "Closed Class" Word forms
3.5. New System of Personal Pronouns
3.6. Pronunciation
3.6.1. Short and Long Vowels modification
4. Grammar
4.1. S-V-O (subject, verb, object)
4.1.1. modern English Order
4.2. V-S-O (Verb, Subject, object)
4.2.1. When the clause begin with an adverbial expression like: "then" and "there"
4.2.2. Dissapear in the early middle ages
4.3. S-O-V (subject, object, verb)
4.3.1. Occurs in subordinated clauses
4.3.2. Opening in this case by the conjuctions "because" or "when"
4.3.3. Dissapear after Seventheenth Century
5. Inflection
5.1. "g" and "gh" used in writing latin in the Anglo Saxon Period
5.2. Come to be used in writing english after the Norman Conquest
6. Mechanisms of Linguistic Changes
6.1. Pronunciation
6.1.1. Sound Laws
6.1.1.1. Large-scale regularities in changes
6.1.1.2. Changes in Vowels Pronunciation
6.1.1.3. Changes in Consonant Pronunciation
6.1.2. Diallect Levelling
6.1.2.1. Contact between speakers of different dialects
6.1.2.2. a process whereby the "marked" or more regionally specific features of local dialects are replaced by more widespread ones.
6.1.2.3. Estuary English
6.1.3. Imperfect Imitation of Kids
6.1.4. Principle of ease minimization of Effort
6.1.4.1. Increase efficiency of the language as a communication system
6.1.4.2. Replace movements calling for great accuracy or energy by less demanding ones
6.1.5. Assimilation
6.1.5.1. The change of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one
6.1.5.2. Consonant Simplification
6.1.5.3. Metathesis
6.2. Influence of General Social and Cultural Changes
6.2.1. New Things = New Names
6.2.2. Production of New Words according the age changes
6.2.3. Semantic Changes due to Social interaction
6.3. Principle of Minimum Effort V.S Demands of Communications
6.4. Fashion
6.4.1. Replacement pronunciation by the prestige
6.4.2. Substitution by a result of a great social change of the period
6.5. Analogy Operation
6.5.1. Process of inventing a new element in conformity with some part of the language system that you already know.
6.5.2. Word Learning by Children