1. Cave Paintings
1.1. Several common animal paintings are Bison, Horses and Deer.
1.2. Brushes were made from many materials: Sticks, small stones, leaves, and animal hair
1.3. Most famous cave painting is in Lascaux, France.
1.4. Archeologists and historians believe the prehistoric man created cave paintings:
1.4.1. 1.to tell stories or recount events that already happen 2.As constructional visual aid to help teach about hunting techniques 3. For magical or religious reasons that if an image of a desired event was painted it might come true
1.5. Cave paintings were the first form of Visual Communication
2. Cuneiform and Sumerians
2.1. What we know about the Sumerians 1. Beginning of recorded history or written language 2. A theoretic culture ruled by a priest king 3. Skilled artisans who created vases, bowls and other types of pottery
2.2. Sumer is where the Sumerians created Cuneiform
2.2.1. Cuneiform began as a series of pictographs
2.3. The Cuneiform created to help keep track of these business transactions.
2.3.1. Chose to write Cuneiform on Clay Tablets using wedge-shaped styluses
2.4. The Akkadians invade the Sumer region because of the fertile ground.
3. The Book
3.1. The two ways were scrolls constructed: With a long continuous piece of papyrus or Others were made up of separate sheets glued together at the edges.
3.1.1. The two ways were scrolls rolled: some were rolled up while others had wooden rollers at each end.
3.1.2. the drawback to a scroll was that it only allowed for sequential usage. Readers must read the text in the order it was written.
3.2. Format that Christianity adopted.
3.3. Illuminated manuscript- All the text by hand but also adorned each page with elaborate illustrations and ornamentation. “Illumination” refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text.
4. Linotype Machine
4.1. The black keys were for Lowercase letters The white keys were for Uppercase letters The blue keys were for punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed width spaces.
4.1.1. 90-character keyboard; There was no shift key. Therefore, uppercase letters had separate keys from lowercase letters. The arrangement f keys as based on letter frequency.
4.2. A Matrix is the molds for the letter forms
4.3. The name Linotype came from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once.
4.4. The first Linotype machine installed in the New York Tribune in July 1886.
5. Photography
5.1. The 4th century camera obscura used for a way to observe light
5.1.1. a camera obscura is a Dark Chamber
5.1.2. In the 17th and 18th centuries the camera obscura shrunk to the size of a portable box.
5.1.3. The camera obscura room of the 1500s. Darkened room with a convex lens inserted into a wall.
5.2. William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process.
5.2.1. The subject was exposed onto a light sensitive paper producing a paper negative.
5.3. Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photographic process.
5.3.1. The name of this process is called Daguerreotype -Exposed a light-sensitive metal sheet, which created a direct positive image.
5.4. A Zoopraxiscope is a device used to project a series of images in successive phase of motion
5.5. Joseph Niépce created the first successful photograph in 1827.
5.6. The name “photography” originate from Sir John Hershal, Derived from the Greek words for light and writing
6. Phonetic Aplhabet
6.1. Scholars believe it to be a direct variation of hieroglyphics. Others hypothesized ties with Cuneiform or an independent creation
6.2. Serif Finishing Strokes, Originated in Ancient Italy.
6.2.1. Originated in Ancient Italy
6.2.2. Contributed to type design by adding little hooks to the tips of letters to prevent the chisel from slipping.
6.3. Based the alphabet on one sign represents one spoken sound.
6.4. Baseline The line in which most letters sit.
6.4.1. The institution of the baseline contributed to type design with Typography and Penmanship
6.5. The two distinct styles of lettering that were used are:
6.5.1. A rigid, formal script was used for important manuscripts and official documents.
6.5.2. A quicker, informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing.
7. Hieroglyphics
7.1. The Egyptians
7.1.1. Ancient Egyptians believed it was important to record and communicate information about Religion and government
7.1.2. In the sixth century BC, the invading armies discovered in Egypt, Great Pyramids, Tombs and Temples.
7.1.2.1. Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in 1798
7.1.2.2. The French began building a fort in Rosetta where they had found the Rosetta Stone.
7.1.2.2.1. The three languages the stone has on it are Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek
7.2. The word “hieroglyphic” is derived from HIERO- Sacred, GLYPHIC- engraving or writing
7.3. Scholars believe the concept of expressing words in writing influenced Egyptian hieroglyphics.
7.4. Hieroglyphics were a formal writing system that contained Logographic and alphabetic elements
7.4.1. a logogram is visual symbols representing ideas or objects
8. The Gutenberg Press
8.1. Johannes Gutenberg introduced modern book printing.
8.2. The Gutenberg Press impact communication: 1. Perfected script and made it easier to read. 2. Books were made more rapidly. 3. Current information could be shared locally and around the world. 4. Cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them. 5. Demand grew. Population became more literate. 6. Readers wanted books written in their own languages and a greater variety. 7. Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as paper-making. 8.Art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.
8.3. The four major printing process still utilized today are: 1.Relief Printing 2.Intaglio 3.Porous 4.Lithography
9. Computers
9.1. Konrad Zuse is credited with inventing the first freely programmable computer
9.2. The first commercial computer was the Univac. John Preseper Eckert and John Mauchly designed it The name (letters) stand for Universal Automatic Computer
9.3. IBM stands for International Business Machines
9.3.1. IBM developed the first successful high level programming language the Fortran The name (letters) stand for mathematical formula translating system
9.4. Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse.
9.4.1. This tool changed the way computers work to make them more user-friendly This tool was nicknamed the mouse because of the “tail” that connected it to the computer.